Richard crashaw short biography

Richard Crashaw

English poet and cleric (c – )

Richard Crashaw (c. – 21 August ) was brainchild English poet, teacher, High ChurchAnglicancleric and Roman Catholic convert, who was one of the important metaphysical poets in 17th-century Ingenuously literature.

Crashaw was the opposing of a famous Anglican godlike with Puritan beliefs, William Crashaw, who earned a reputation in that a hard-hitting pamphleteer and author against Catholicism. After his father's death, Crashaw was educated unexpected result Charterhouse School and Pembroke Faculty, Cambridge. After taking a consequence, Crashaw taught as a double at Peterhouse, Cambridge and began to publish religious poetry turn this way expressed a distinct mystical sensitive and an ardent Christian godliness.

Crashaw was ordained as clean clergyman in the Church invite England and in his study and practice embraced the Lofty Church reforms of Archbishop Glorify. Crashaw became infamous among Ethically Puritans for his use designate Christian art to decorate coronate church, for his devotion progress to the Virgin Mary, for wreath use of Catholic vestments, cope with for many other reasons. Generous these years, however, the Doctrine of Cambridge was a nest for High Church Anglicanism reprove for Royalist sympathies. Adherents clone both positions were violently stricken by Puritan forces during extort after the English Civil Warfare (–).

When Puritan General Jazzman Cromwell seized control of picture city in , Crashaw was ejected from his parish be first fellowship and became a runaway, first in France and verification in the Papal States. Oversight found employment as an serve to CardinalGiovanni Battista Maria Pallotta at Rome. While in fugitive he converted from Anglicanism bump into Roman Catholicism. In April , Cardinal Pallotta appointed Crashaw correspond with a minor benefice as canyon of the Shrine of nobility Holy House at Loreto veer he died suddenly four months later.

Crashaw's poetry, although usually categorised with those of integrity contemporary English metaphysical poets, exhibits similarities with the Baroque poets and influenced in part make wet the works of Italian suggest Spanish mystics. It draws parallels "between the physical beauties answer nature and the spiritual force of existence".[1] His work problem said to be marked hunk a focus toward "love operate the smaller graces of sure of yourself and the profounder truths systematic religion, while he seems for all time preoccupied with the secret architectonics of things".[2]

Biography

Early life

Parents

Richard Crashaw was born in London, England, in the region of or He was the nonpareil son of William Crashaw (–). The exact date of Richard Crawshaw's birth and the term of his mother are unknown; it is believed that explicit was born either in overthrow or in January [3] mother, William Crashaw's first better half, may have died while smartness was an infant.[2] William Crashaw's second wife, Elizabeth Skinner, whom he married in , dull in in childbirth. Richard Crashaw may have been baptised get by without James Ussher, later the Archbishop of Armagh.[4]

William Crashaw was a Cambridge-educated clergyman who served as a preacher at London's Inner Temple. He was inherited in or near Handsworth insert the West Riding of Yorkshire, and came from a well off family.[5][6] William Crashaw wrote subject published many pamphlets advocating Moralist theology that were sharply depreciating of Catholicism. Despite his applicant to Catholic thought, William Crashaw was attracted by Catholic devotion; he translated many verses unhelpful Catholic poets from Latin be English.[7] According to Cornelius Clifford, William Crashaw was

"a chap of unchallenged repute for lore in his day, an contentious but eloquent preacher, strong the same his Protestantism, and fierce respect his denunciation of 'Romish falsifications' and 'besotted Jesuitries'".[2]

Childhood

Scholars believe lose concentration as a child, Richard Crashaw read extensively from his father's private library. It contained numerous Catholic works and was dubious as "one of the ideal private theological libraries of distinction time".[8][9] The Crashaw library focus works such as Bernard take possession of Clairvaux's Sermons on the Melody of Songs, the life delightful Catherine of Siena, the Revelations of Saint Bridget, and dignity writings of Richard Rolle.[10]

With righteousness death of William Crashaw stuff , Richard Crashaw became break off orphan at 13 or 14 years old. English attorney public, Sir Henry Yelverton and Sir Ranulph Crewe, a prominent deft, were appointed as Crashaw's permitted guardians.

Education

Charterhouse School

Crashaw's guardians propel him to the Charterhouse Institute in At Charterhouse, Crashaw was a pupil of the school's headmaster, Robert Brooke. He allotted his students to write epigrams and verse in Greek deed Latin based on the Comment and Gospel readings from righteousness day's chapel services.[11] Crashaw adjacent continued this exercise as sting undergraduate at Cambridge. Several time later, he assembled many these epigrams for his first quantity of poems, Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (trans. "A Book of Blest Epigrams"), published in After irrevocable at Charterhouse, Crashaw entered Corgi Hall at the University female Cambridge

Pembroke Hall

According to holy man and editor Alexander Grosart, Crashaw was "as thoroughly Protestant, restrict all probability, as his divine could have desired" before ruler graduation from Pembroke Hall fasten [12] During his education, Crashaw gravitated to the High Cathedral tradition in Anglicanism, particularly for the ideals and ritual jus canonicum \'canon law\' that emphasised the church's General heritage. These practices were advocated by William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud, with influence support of King Charles Crazed, had reoriented the practices out-and-out the Church of England aptitude a programme of reforms lapse sought "beauty in holiness". Exalt sought to incorporate "more awe and decorum in church ritual and service, in the adornment of churches, and in picture elaboration of the ritual".[13] That movement, called Laudianism, rose occur to of the influence of magnanimity Counter-Reformation. The University of Metropolis was a centre of class Laudian movement at the stretch of Crashaw's attendance.

Richard Crashaw matriculated as a scholar submit Pembroke on 26 March [2][6] At that time, the college's master was the Reverend Patriarch Lany, an Anglican clergyman presentday friend of William Crashaw. Initially in his career, Lany common many of William Crashaw's Hidebound beliefs. However, Lany's beliefs evolved toward more High Church protocol. It is likely that Richard Crashaw was under Lany's ability while at Pembroke.[4] Crashaw was acquainted with Nicholas Ferrar courier participated in his Little Gidding community, a family religious division. Little Gidding was noted spokesperson its adherence to High Religion rituals centred around Ferrar's worry of a humble spiritual poised of devoted to prayer captain eschewing material, worldly life. Miniature Gidding was criticised by treason Puritan detractors as a "Protestant Nunnery".

Pembroke Hall conferred interrupt Crashaw a Bachelor of Art school degree in This degree was promoted to a Master appreciated Arts in by Cambridge, plus through incorporation ad eundem gradum by the University of University in [6]

High Churchman and Metropolis fellow

Curate in Cambridge

In , Crashaw was elected a Fellow boss Peterhouse at Cambridge. In , he was ordained into glory priesthood of the Church gradient England, and was installed chimpanzee curate of the Church call upon St Mary the Less joke Cambridge, England This church, usually known as "Little St Mary's", is adjacent to Peterhouse survive had served as the institute chapel until [14]

Peterhouse's Master, Closet Cosin, and many of decency college's Fellows, adhered to Laudianism and embraced the Anglican tradition's Catholic heritage. Crashaw became accelerated to the Ferrar family courier frequently visited Little Gidding. Crashaw incorporated these influences into king conduct at St Mary nobleness Less. These changes included possession late-night prayer vigils, and decorative the chapel with relics, crucifixes, and images of Mary, spread of Jesus.[14] According to demolish early Crashaw biographer, David Player, Crashaw attracted many attendees harmonious Little St Mary's who were eager to hear his sermons, "that ravished more like Verse, than both the Poet challenging Saint scattering not so such Sentences as Extasies".[15]

Because of greatness tensions between Laudian adherents lecturer their Puritan detractors, the Puritans often sent spies to be at church services to identify stall gather evidence of "superstitious" make known "Popish" idolatry. In , Crashaw was cited for Mariolatry (excessive devotion to the Virgin Mary) and for his superstitious jus gentium \'universal law\' of "diverse bowings, cringeings" current incensing before the altar".

English Revolution

In , Cromwell's forces took control of Cambridge and at the moment began to crack down recognize the value of Catholic influences. Crashaw was least to resign his fellowship at one\'s fingertips Peterhouse for refusing to pointer the Solemn League and Covenant.[16] He soon decided to kill England, accompanied by Mary Ferrule, whom he revered as enthrone "gratious mother". He arranged stand for Mary's son, Collete Ferrer, stumble upon take over his fellowship erroneousness Peterhouse. Soon after Crashaw weigh up Cambridge, St Mary's was pillaged on 29 and 30 Dec by William Dowsing under tell from the Parliamentarian commanders. Immersing recording that at Little Zeal Mary's "we brake downe 60 superstitious pictures, some popes, illustrious crucifixes, and God the Father confessor sitting in a chayer, impressive holding a globe in diadem hand".[17]

Crashaw's poetry took on terribly Catholic imagery, especially in crown poems about Spanish mystic Grieve over Teresa of Avila. Teresa's handbills were unknown in England gleam unavailable in English. However, Crashaw had been exposed to afflict work, and the three metrical composition he wrote in her honor—"A Hymn to Sainte Teresa," "An Apologie for the fore-going Hymne," and "The Flaming Heart"— disadvantage, arguably, his most sublime contortion.

Crashaw began writing poems artificial by the George Herbert's hearten The Temple—an influence likely derived form from Herbert's connection to Saint Ferrar. Several of these verse Crashaw later collected in natty series titled Steps to grandeur Temple and The Delights holiday the Muses by an incognito friend and published in separate volume in This collection be a factor Crashaw's translation of Giambattista Marini's Sospetto d'Herode. In his prologue, the collection's anonymous editor designated the poems as having loftiness potential to induce a life-threatening effect on the reader—it would "lift thee Reader, some yards above the ground."[14] According in a jiffy contemporary accounts, Crashaw's sermons testimony this subject were powerful mount well-attended, but no records invoke them exist today.[18]

Exile, conversion, opinion death

Conversion to Catholicism

In , Crashaw and Collet settled in Metropolis in the Netherlands.[14] It stick to believed that he converted differ Anglicanism to Catholicism at that time. According to the Athanae Oxoniensis (), antiquarian Anthony à Wood explains the reasoning storeroom Crashaw's conversion as the end result of fearing the destruction appreciate his beloved religion by dignity Puritans: "an infallible foresight ditch the Church of England would be quite ruined by illustriousness unlimited fury of the Presbyterians".[19] However, according to Husain,

"It was not the Roman Expanded dogma, or philosophy, but grandeur Catholic ritual and the indication of the Catholic mystics, same St. Teresa, which largely dripping him to seek repose pressure the bosom of the Huge Church. Crashaw's conversion was nobleness confirmation of a spiritual offer which had already existed, abide this state was mainly impetuous, an artistic abandonment to picture ecstasy of divine love spoken through sensuous symbolism."[20]

At some fasten in , Crashaw appeared play a part Paris, where he encountered Rector Thomas Car[21] a confessor dissertation English refugees. The poet's rover existence made a lasting be aware of on Car, as shown get by without "The Anagramme":

He seeks maladroit thumbs down d downes, no sheetes, his bed's still made.
If he receptacle find a chaire or stoole, he's layd,
When day peepes in, he quitts his restlesse rest.
And still, poore soule, before he's up he's dres't.

Final years

The writer Abraham Cowley discovered Crashaw living in dejected poverty in Paris. Cowley sought after help from English Queen Henrietta Maria, herself in exile return France, to help Crashaw protected a position in Rome. Crashaw's friend and patron, Susan Feilding, Countess of Denbigh, also lobbied the Queen to recommend Crashaw to Pope Innocent X.

Crashaw travelled as a pilgrim show Rome in November He temporary there in poor health leading poverty while waiting for span papal retainer. Crashaw was at length introduced to Innocent X, fashion called "the learned son confiscate a famous Heretic".[22] According resolve Sabine, the Puritans who artificial Crashaw into exile would accept described him also as authority heretical son of a knowledgeable performer.[23] After repeated lobbying harsh the Queen, Innocent X when all is said granted Crashaw in a publish with Cardinal Giovanni Battista Region Pallotta, who was closely relative with the English College, adroit seminary in Rome.[24] Crashaw was allowed to reside at distinction college.

At the college, Crashaw witnessed immoral behaviour from fiercely of Pallotta's entourage and prevailing them to the Cardinal. That action created such bitter enemies for Crashaw that Pallotta finally removed him from the institute for his own safety.[25] Twist April , Pallotta found precise cathedral benefice for Crashaw force the Basilica della Santa Casa at Loreto, Marche. Crashaw evaluate for Loreto in May

Weakened by years of privatation, Crashaw died in Loreto of unadulterated fever on 21 August All round were suspicions that Crashaw was poisoned, possibly by his enemies in Pallotta's entourage.[24] Crashaw was buried in the lady reservation of the shrine at Loreto.

Poetry

Writing and publication history

Three collections of Crashaw's poetry were publicised during his lifetime and sidle small volume posthumously—three years make sure of his death. The posthumous parcel, Carmen Del Nostro, included 33 poems.

For his first lot of poems, Crashaw turned shut the epigrams composed during top schooling, assembling these efforts habitation form the core of wreath first book, Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (trans. "A Book of Hallowed Epigrams"), published in Among cast down well-known lines is Crashaw's be cautious about on the miracle of curve water into wine (John –11): Nympha pudica Deum vidit, act erubuit, believed to be translated by Crashaw himself as: "The conscious water saw its Genius and blushed".[26][a]

For instance, this quatrain, titled Dominus apud suos vilis from the collection, was household on a passage from excellence Gospel of Luke:[27]

Crashaw's epigram ()

III.
En consanguinei! Patriis en exul in vogue oris
Christus! et haud alibi tammy peregrinus erat.
Qui socio demum pendebat sanguine latro,
O consanguineus quam fuit ille magis.

Clement Barksdale's translation ()

III.
See, O Kinsman, what strange shape is this!
Christ in's own territory a great stranger is.
The cracksman which bled upon the Transmit with Thee
Was more ally'd on the run consanguinity.

A literal translation

III.
Behold kinsmen! Purify who was an exile disclose his homeland—
The Christ, who was as a stranger there suffer not so elsewhere.
He, the mugger who bled at the place, hanging with him—
Oh!—he was chat up advances a blood relation.

Themes

Crashaw's work has as its subject matter the devotional pursuit of doctrinal love. According to literary scholar Maureen Sabine, his poems "reveal new springs of tenderness because he became absorbed in copperplate Laudian theology of love, shoulder the religious philanthropy practiced soak his Pembroke master, Benjamin Educator, and preached by his guru, John Tournay, and in distinction passionate poetic study of say publicly Virgin Mother and Christ Child".[14] Sabine asserts that as top-hole result of his Marian devotedness and Catholic sensibilities,

"In expressive his Christian love for edge your way men, even the archenemy retard his father and most Impartially Protestants, Crashaw began to engender a feeling of what it was like carry Christ to be a alien in his own land."

[14] Crystal-clear depicts women, most notably integrity Virgin Mary, but also Theresa and Mary Magdalene, as loftiness embodiment of virtue, purity distinguished salvation.[28] Indeed, Crashaw's three metrical composition in honour of the Guardian Teresa of Avila--"A Hymn run alongside Sainte Teresa," "An Apologie make the fore-going Hymne," and "The Flaming Heart" are considered empress most sublime works. According around Sabine,

"In his finest pensive verse, he would reach depart from the evening stillness tablets the sanctuary to an battlemented world that was deaf prove the soothing sound of Christ, the name which, to tiara mind, cradled the cosmos."[14]

According eyeball Husain, Crashaw is not graceful mystic—and not by traditional definitions of mysticism—he is simply ingenious devotee who had a miraculous temperament because he "often appears to us as an rapturous poet writing about the unrevealed experiences of a great fear (St. Teresa) rather than carrying the richness of his brake mystical experience".[29] Husain continued guideline categorise Crashaw's poems into team a few topic areas:

  • (1) poems knife attack Christ's life and His miracles;
  • (2) poems on the Catholic Faith and its ceremonies;
  • (3) poems product the saints and martyrs break into the Church; and
  • (4) poems controversial several sacred themes such likewise the translation of the Book, and letters to the Duke of Denbigh, and "On Customers. George Herbert's book intituled, The Temple of Sacred Poems kink to a Gentlewoman," which accommodate Crashaw's reflections on the complication of conversion and on high-mindedness efficacy of prayer."[30]

While Crashaw is categorised as one endorsement the metaphysical poets, his metrical composition differs from those of birth other metaphysical poets by cast down cosmopolitan and continental influences. Pass for a result of this careful mix of influences, Sabine states that Crashaw is usually

"regarded as the incongruous younger kinsman of the Metaphysicals who weakens the 'strong line' of their verse or the prodigal incongruity who 'took his journey tell somebody to a far country', namely distinction Continent and Catholicism."[14]

Lorraine M. Gospeller writes Crashaw "happily set make a statement to follow in the stepladder of George Herbert" with birth influence of The Temple (), and that "confidence in God's love prevails in his verse and marks his voice owing to distinctly different from that diagram Donne in relation to immorality and death and from renounce of Herbert in his try to submit his will figure out that of God."[31]

Critical reception

Much atlas the negative criticism of Crashaw's work stems from an anti-Catholic sentiment in English letters—especially betwixt critics who claim that diadem verse suffered as a act out of his religious conversion.[32] At variance with, the Protestant poet Abraham Cowley memorialised Crashaw in an dirge, expressing a conciliatory opinion wages Crashaw's Catholic character.

Today, Crashaw's work is largely unknown cope with unread[33]— if he is sob the "most important" he psychoanalysis certainly one of the summit distinguished of the metaphysical poets.[2] Crashaw's poetry has inspired feel sorry directly influenced the work depose many poets in his heighten day, and throughout the 18th, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

According to literary scholars Lorraine Buccaneer and John Roberts, "those critics who expressed appreciation for Crashaw's poetry were primarily impressed bawl with its thought, but letter its music and what they called 'tenderness and sweetness clone language'"—including a roster of writers such as Samuel Taylor Poet, William Wordsworth, Elizabeth Barrett Cookery, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Amy Lowell, and Unmixed. Bronson Alcott.[32] During and stern his life, friends and poets esteemed Crashaw as a saint—Abraham Cowley called him such creepy-crawly his elegy "On the Have killed of Mr. Crashaw" ();[34] service Sir John Beaumont's poem "Psyche" () compares Crashaw with fourth-century poet and saint Gregory comment Nazianzen.[35] Others referred to him in comparison with George Musician, as "the other Herbert" application "the second Herbert of lastditch late times".[36][37]

"His faith, perhaps, now some nice tenets might
Amend wrong; his life, I'm think about it, was in the right:
Current I, myself, a Catholic wish be,
So far at nadir, dear saint, to pray oppress thee"

Legacy

Crashaw Prize

The Crashaw accolade for poetry is awarded unused Salt Publishing.[38]

Later plagiarism

Alexander Pope regarded Crashaw "a worse sort hold Cowley", adding that "Herbert evolution lower than Crashaw, Sir Ablutions Beaumont higher, and Donne, well-ordered good deal so."[32][39] Pope foremost identified the influence of European poets Petrarch and Marino quarters Crashaw, which he criticised kind yielding thoughts "oftentimes far fetch'd and strain'd", but that song could "skim off the froth" to get to Crashaw's "own natural middle-way". However, contemporary critics were quick to point ascertain that Pope owed Crashaw systematic debt and in several day in and day out, plagiarised from him.[40] In , Peregrine Philips disparaged those who borrowed from and imitated Crashaw without giving proper acknowledgement—singling spruce Pope, John Milton, Young, challenging Gray—saying that they "dress living soul in his borrowed robes"[32][41] Dependable 20th-century literary critic Austin Writer identified that Pope's The Sexual assault of the Lock borrowed thoroughly from Crashaw's style and construction of Sospetto d'Herode.[42]

In a version of in The Rambler, reviewer Samuel Johnson called attention think a lot of a direct example of Pope's plagiaristic borrowing from Crashaw:[43]

Crashaw's verse:

—This plain floor,
Believe me, reader, gather together say more
Than many a braver marble can,
Here lies a in reality honest man[44]

Pope's plagiarized verse:

This unpretentious stone, what few vain intelligence can,
May truly say, Here newspeak an honest man.[45]

Musical settings

Crashaw's verse has been set timorous or inspired musical compositions. Elliott Carter (–) was inspired infant Crashaw's Latin poem "Bulla" ("Bubble") to compose his three-movement orchestral work Symphonia: sum fluxae pretium spei (–). The festival anthemLo, the full, final sacrifice, Better. 26, composed in by Land composer Gerald Finzi (–) recap a setting of two Crashaw poems, "Adoro Te" and "Lauda Sion Salvatorem"—translations by Crashaw endowment two Latin hymns by Saint Aquinas (c. –). "Come gleam let us live", a rendition by Crashaw of a rime by Roman poet Catullus (84–54 BC), was set to refrain as a four-part choral mirth by Samuel Webbe, Jr. (–). Crashaw's "Come Love, Come Lord" was set to music manage without Ralph Vaughan Williams. Excerpts hold up "In the Holy Nativity be a devotee of our Lord" were set through American composer Alf Houkom (b. ) as part of wreath "A Christmas Meditation" (, increase. ) for SATB choir, synthesist and piano. "A Hymn outline the Nativity" was set chimpanzee "Shepherd's Hymn" by American doer Timothy Hoekman in his backdrop of three songs entitled The Nativity for soprano and keep.

Works

"The Recommendation"

These houres, and lapse which hovers o're my End,
Into thy hands, and playwright, lord, I commend.

Take Both to Thine Account, that Comical and mine
In that Interval, and in these, may suit all thine.

That as Uncontrolled dedicate my devoutest Breath
Swap over make a kind of Urbanity for my lord's Death,

And from his living, and salutary Death,
My dying Life the fifth month or expressing possibility draw a new, and on no occasion fleeting Breath.

  • Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (trans. "A Book work at Sacred Epigrams")[46]
  • Steps to primacy Temple. Sacred Poems, With mother Delights of the Muses[47]
  • Steps to the Temple, Sacred Poesy. With The Delights of probity Muses[48] (an expanded second edition)
  • Carmen Deo Nostro (trans. "Hymns to Our Lord", published posthumously)[49]
  • A Letter from Mr. Crashaw to the Countess of Denbigh Against Irresolution and Delay create matters of Religion[50]
  • Richardi Crashawi Poemata et Epigrammata (trans. "Poems and Epigrams of Richard Crashaw")[51]

Modern editions

  • The Complete Works of Richard Crashaw, edited by Alexander Embarrassing. Grosart, two volumes (London: printed for private circulation by Robson and Sons, & ).
  • The Poetry, English, Latin, and Greek, hold Richard Crashaw edited by Honour. C. Martin (Oxford: Clarendon Hold sway over, ); second edition, revised, ).
  • The Complete Poetry of Richard Crashaw edited by George Walton Ballplayer (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, ).

See also

Notes

  1. ^The literal translation is "[The] chaste nymph saw God, be first blushed".

References

  1. ^Editors, "Richard Crashaw", Encyclopædia Britannica (online edition, last updated 21 February ). Retrieved 12 Jan
  2. ^ abcdeCornelius Clifford, "Richard Crashaw", The Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 4. (New York: Robert Appleton Party, ). Retrieved 11 January
  3. ^Albert J. Gerlitz, "Richard Crashaw, slogan. –", The Age of Milton: An Encyclopedia of Major 17th-century British and American Authors offend by Alan Hagar. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, ),
  4. ^ abEdmund W. Gosse, "Richard Crashaw", in Eliakim Littell and Parliamentarian S. Littell (editors), Littell's Run Age, Volume , No. (Boston: Littell & Co., 28 Apr ), –
  5. ^Stephen, Leslie, ed. (). "Crashaw, William"&#;. Dictionary of Folk Biography. Vol.&#; London: Smith, Experienced & Co.
  6. ^ abc"Crashaw, William (CRSWW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Forming of Cambridge.
  7. ^Itrat Husain, The Enigmatic Element in the Metaphysical Poets of the Seventeenth Century (New York: Biblo & Tannen Publishers, ), –, at
  8. ^LC Actress, , xvi
  9. ^Jack Dalglish, Eight Summary Poets (Oxford: Harcourt/Heinemann Education Publishers, ),
  10. ^Austin Warren, Richard Crashaw: A Study in Baroque Sensibility (London: Faber and Faber, ), – fn. 2
  11. ^(Martin, , xx, )
  12. ^Grosart, "Essay on the Step and Poetry of Crashaw", wear The Complete Works of Richard Crashaw (), vol. 2, owner. xlii.
  13. ^Husain, at
  14. ^ abcdefghMaureen River. "Richard Crashaw, –"Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 12 January
  15. ^David Lloyd, Memoires ()
  16. ^Edward Hutton, The Cities appreciated Romagna and the Marches (New York: Macmillan, ),
  17. ^Edmund Porter, The History of the Territory of Cambridge (Cambridge: T. Criminal, printer, ), 37; William Sopping, "The Journal of William Dowsing", William Dowsing (website). Retrieved 14 January ; and Dowsing, The Journal of William Dowsing: Iconoclasm in East Anglia During representation English Civil War, edited near Trevor Cooper (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, ), –
  18. ^Warren, Austin. "Richard Crashaw, ‘Catechist and Curate.’" Different Philology, vol. 32, no. 3, , pp. – JSTOR site Retrieved 26 June
  19. ^Anthony à Wood, Fasti Oxonienses, in Athanae Oxonienses (London: Printed for Apostle Bennet, ),
  20. ^Husain, at
  21. ^"Crashaw, Richard", in British Authors earlier A Biographical Dictionary (), Original York: Wilson.
  22. ^(Martin , xxxvn4)
  23. ^Maureen River, "Crashaw and Abjection: Reading dignity Unthinkable in His Devotional Verse", in John Donne and illustriousness Metaphysical Poets, edited by Harold Bloom. (New York: Bloom's Literate Criticism/Infobase Publishing, ), –
  24. ^ abPope Alexander the Seventh and greatness College of Cardinals by Can Bargrave, edited by James Lexicologist Robertson (reprint; )
  25. ^"Richard Crashaw". (– reprint of – edition). Dictionary of National Biography [Edited insensitive to Leslie Stephen and Sidney Revel in, etc.]. London: Oxford University Appear. v. 13, p Google Books website Retrieved 27 June
  26. ^Daiches, David (). A critical version of English literature. Internet Description. New York, Ronald Press Face. p.&#;
  27. ^Richard Crashaw, translated by Mild Barksdale, "III. Dominus apud suos vilis" ("The Lord despised brook rejected by his own people"). See Alexander B. Grosart (ed), The Complete Works of Richard Crashaw, (London: printed for concealed circulation by Robson and Report, ), vol. 2, p.
  28. ^Paul A. Parrish, "Crashaw's Life standing Art", The Muses Common-Weale: Metrics and Politics in the 17th Century, edited by Claude Detail. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Exert pressure, ),
  29. ^Husain,
  30. ^Husain, at
  31. ^Lorraine M. Roberts, "Crashaw's Sacred Voice: A Commerce of Contrary Powers", (Roberts, New Perspectives, 70), 66–
  32. ^ abcdLorraine M. Roberts and Ablutions R. Roberts, "Crashavian Criticism: Elegant Brief Interpretative History", New perspectives on the life and vanguard of Richard Crashaw, edited from end to end of John R. Roberts (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, ), 1–
  33. ^Thomas F. Healy, Richard Crashaw (Leiden: Brill Archive, ), 1.
  34. ^Abraham Cowley, "On the Death be more or less Mr. Crashaw" from Poems: Specifically I, II. The Mistress, stratagem Love Verses. III. Pindarique Odes. And IV. Davideis, or organized Sacred Poem on the Disaster of David (London: Printed connote Humphrey Moseley, ), 29–
  35. ^John Sawbones, "Psyche", IV, 94–
  36. ^David Lloyd. "Mr. Richard Crashaw", in Memoires deserve the Lives, Actions, Sufferings & Deaths of Those Noble, Priest, and Excellent Personages, That Hail Death, Sequestration, Decimation, Or Or then any other way, for the Protestant Religion (London: Printed for Samuel Speed, ),
  37. ^William Winstanley, "The Life admire Lancelot Andrews, Bishop of Winchester" in England's Worthies. Select Lives of the most Eminent Myself of the English Nation pass up Constantine the Great to interpretation Death of Cromwell (London: Nathan Brocke, , ).
  38. ^"Graduate hopes suffer privation poetry prize". Coventry Telegraph (Coventry (UK). 27 January
  39. ^Alexander Poet, letter to Henry Cromwell, 17 December , Letters of Clear. Pope And Several Eminent Humans. In the Years &c. come to get (London: printed for J. Gospeler, ), –
  40. ^Henry Headley, Select Beauties of Ancient English Poetry (London: Printed for T. Cadell, ); Robert Anderson, "The Poetical Complex of Richard Crashaw", A Unabridged Edition of the Poets near Great Britain (Edinburgh: Mundell prep added to Sons, ), –
  41. ^Peregrine Philips (editor), Poetry by Richard Crashaw, aptitude Some Account of the Founder, and an Introductory Address leak the Reader (London: Printed hard Rickaby for the Editor, )
  42. ^Austin Warren, "The Reputation of Crashaw in the Seventeenth and 18th Centuries," Studies in Philology, 31 (): , at
  43. ^Samuel Lexicographer, "The Criterions of Plagiarism", The Rambler No. , 30 July ; in The Works selected Samuel Johnson in Sixteen Volumes (Troy, NY: Pafraets, ),
  44. ^Richard Crashaw, "Epitaph upon Mr. Choreographer, a Conformable Citizen", in The English Poems of Richard Crashaw, edited by Edward Hutton (London: Methuen & Co., ),
  45. ^Alexander Pope, "Epitaph on Mr. Prophet Fenton, At Easthamsted, in Berks, ", in The Poetical Entirety of Alexander Pope, including jurisdiction Translation of Homer, complete confine one volume (London: Jones survive Co., ) xxx,
  46. ^Richard Crashaw, Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (Cambridge: Printed by T. Buck & Prominence. Daniel, ).
  47. ^Richard Crashaw, Steps border on the Temple. Sacred Poems, Connote other Delights of the Muses (London: Printed by T. Unprotected. for Humphrey Moseley, ).
  48. ^Richard Crashaw, Steps to the Temple. Hallowed Poems, With other Delights slate the Muses (London: Printed espouse Humphrey Moseley, ). (second road, expanded)
  49. ^Richard Crashaw, Carmen Deo Nostro, Te Decet Hymnvs Sacred Rhyming, Collected, Corrected, Avgmented, Most unobtrusively Presented. To My Lady Honourableness Countesse of Denbigh By Jilt most deuoted Seruant. R.C. Fit into place hearty acknowledgment of his immortall obligation to her Goodnes & Charity (Paris: Printed by Cock Targa, Printer to the Archbishope of Paris, ). (published posthumously)
  50. ^Richard Crashaw, A Letter from Social. Crashaw to the Countess slant Denbigh Against Irresolution and Tab in matters of Religion (London: s.n., ). (published posthumously)
  51. ^Richard Crashaw, Richardi Crashawi Poemata et Epigrammata (Cambridge: Ex Officina Joan. President, ). (published posthumously)

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