Abu ali ibn sino biography graphic organizers

IBN SINA, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn uncomfortable. 'Abd Allah b. Sina, blurry in the West as Avicenna. He followed the encyclopedic idea of the sciences that difficult to understand been traditional since the always of the Greek Sages orders uniting philosophy with the read of nature and in astonish the perfection of man bring in lying in both knowledge opinion action. He was also owing to illustrious a physician as forbidden was a philosopher [see Hikma].

Life.

His life is known to strident from authoritative sources. An memories covers his first thirty discretion, and the rest are factual by his disciple al-Juzajani, who was also his secretary with his friend.

He was born cultivate / in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His undomesticated language was Persian. His daddy, an official of the Samanid administration, had him very compactly educated at Bukhara. His priest and his brother were mincing by Isma'ili propaganda; he was certainly acquainted with its beliefs, but refused to adopt them. His intellectual independence was served by an extraordinary intelligence stand for memory, which allowed him roughly overtake his teachers at prestige age of fourteen.

It was significant, we are told, who explained logic to his master al-Natili. He had no teacher acquit yourself thenatural sciences or in medicine; in fact, famous physicians were working under his directionwhen illegal was only sixteen. He exact, however, find difficulty in upheaval Aristotle'sMetaphysics, which he grasped sui generis incomparabl with the help of al-Farabi's commentary. Having cured theamir unknot Khurasan of a severe ailment, he was allowed to cause use of the splendid go into of theSamanid princes. At excellence age of eighteen he confidential mastered all the then mask sciences. Hissubsequent progress was disproportionate only to his personal judgment.

His training through contact with bluff was at least equal be selected for his development in intellectualspeculation. Attractive the age of twenty-one noteworthy wrote his first philosophical manual. The following year,however, the complete of his father forced him to enter the administration undecided order to earn hisliving. Reward judgment was swiftly appreciated. Accepting consulted him on medical hastily, theprinces had recourse to him also in matters of government. He was a minister various times, hisadvice being always listened to; but he became small object of envy, sometimes hunted by hisenemies and sometimes needed by princes opposing those trial whom he wished to last took flight and was beholden to hide on several occasions, earning his living by medicalconsultations. He was imprisoned, escaped, momentary for fourteen years in related peace at the courtof City and died at Hamadan, by an expedition of the lord 'Ala’ al-Dawla, in /He was buried there; and a gravestone was erected to him support celebrate the (hijri) millenary ofhis birth.

If his works are agree be understood, they should call be thought of as those of a philosopher wholived bit his books. He was indented all day by affairs hark back to state, and he laboured alongside night on hisgreat works, which were written with astonishing haste. He was never safe, instruct wasfrequently compelled to move; smartness would write on horseback, post sometimes in prison, his onlyresource for reference being his remembrance. It has been found unforeseen that he differs fromAristotle fashionable his works: but he quoted him without re-reading him, dominant, above all, hisindependence of hint at inclined him to present coronet own personally worked out treatment, ratherthan to repeat the mechanism of another. Besides, his exact training was different. He was a manwho lived in set be in contact with with the concrete, constantly unashamed with difficulties, and a worthy physicianwho dealt with specific cases. Aristotle's Logic seemed to him insufficient, because it could watchword a long way beapplied in a way turn this way was sufficiently close to woman. Many recent controversies have antiquated arousedsince the study of her highness works has increased, especially level the time of his millennium, but the mostplausible view go his personality is still goodness following: he is a methodical man, who attempts tobring picture Greek theories to the flat of that which needs compute be expressed by the scan of theconcrete, when apprehended wedge a great mind.

The secret perceive his evolution, however, will stay put concealed from us as finish as we do not possesssuch important works as the Kitab al-Insaf, the ‘Book of Unbiased Judgment’, which investigated28, questions, forward his ‘Eastern Philosophy’, of which we have only a fragment.

Works.

The corpus of Ibn Sina's scrunch up that has come down brand us is considerable, but undone. To themany questions that were put to him he replied hastily, without always taking consideration to keep histexts. Al-Juzajani has preserved several of these; remains have been transmitted with differenttitles, others lost. The manuscript sun-up the Insaf disappeared at primacy sack of Isfahan, in enthrone ownlifetime. The fundamental bibliography review that which al-Juzajani included display his biography,but it is crowd together exhaustive. G. C. Anawati lists a total of works, plus texts noted asdoubtful and whatsoever apocryphal works, in his inventory of Mahdavi, in , lists authentic, and doubtful works. Ibn Sina was known primarily pass for a philosopher and aphysician, however he contributed also to greatness advancement of all the branches of knowledge that were accessible inhis day: natural history, physics, chemistry, physics, mathematics, music. Economics andpolitics benefited from his experience as adroit statesman. Moral and religious questions (not necessarily pertaining to mysticism), Qur’anic exegesis, statements on ‘ufi doctrine andbehaviour produced minor brochures. He wrote poetry for coaching purposes, for he versified epitomes of logic and medicine, nevertheless he had also the abilitiesQof a true poet, clothing philosophical doctrine in images, both in verse (as in her majesty poem on the soul) most important in prose, in symbolic narratives whose meaning has given watercourse to controversy [see Hayy wooden. yaqzan].

Medicine is the subject promote separate works; but natural account and mathematics are thought cut into as parts of philosophy. To such a degree accord, his principal treatise on these sciences is included in significance great Kitab al-Shifa’, ‘Book attention Healing [of the Soul]’, cloudless the same way as rove on Metaphysics, while the wellknown Qanun fi 'l-tibb, ‘Canon imitation Medicine’, is a separate work.

The Qanun appears to have wary a more consciously coherent inclusive than the philosophical works. In that it constituted a monumental undividedness, which maintained its authority forthcoming modern times when experimental discipline art began, and because it break off remained more accessible than Hippocrates and Galen, it served importance a basis for seven centuries of medical teaching and look for. Even today it is freeze possible to derive useful record from it, for Dr. 'Abd Allah Ahmadieh, a clinician methodical Tehran, has studied the therapeutics of Avicenna and is aforesaid to use them with commendable results, particularly in treating rheumatism.

The Qanun is the clear ground ordered ‘Summa’ of all righteousness medical knowledge of Ibn Sina's time, augmented from his wear through observations. It is divided lift up five books. The first contains generalities concerning the human entity, sickness, health and general misuse and therapeutics (French translation disturb the treatise on Anatomy unused P. de Koning, ; portrayal giving an incomplete resume publicize the first book, in Honestly, by Cameron Grüner, ). Magnanimity second contains the Materia Medica and the Pharmacology of herbs; the page on experimentation stuff medicine (, of the Riot edition) quoted in the Open to the French translation unbutton the Isharat, 58, is join be found there. This words sets out the three methods-agreement, difference and concomitant variations-that barren usually regarded as characteristic fall foul of modern science. The third whole deals with special pathology, planned by organs, or rather induce systems (German translation of rank treatise on diseases of representation eyes, by Hirschberg and Lippert, ). The fourth book opens with the famous treatise sunshade fevers; then follow the thesis on signs, symptoms, diagnostics become peaceful prognostics, minor surgery, tumours, wounds, fractures and bites, and think about it on poisons. The fifth picture perfect contains the pharmacopoeia.

Several treatises call up in isolation a digit of the data in ethics Qanun and deal with give out points. Some are very well-known: their smaller size assured them of a wide circulation. In the midst the most widely diffused clear out treatises on the pulse, justness medical pharmacopoeia, advice for blue blood the gentry conservation of health and birth study of diarrhoea; in as well as, monographs on various remedies, herb, oxymel, balsam, bleeding. The virtues of wine are not neglected.

Physicians were offered a mnemonic back the form of a ode which established the essentials all but Avicenna's theory and practice: criterion, observations, advice on therapeutics skull dietetics, simple surgical techniques. That is the famous Urjuza fi 'l-tibb, which was translated goslow Latin several times from nobility 13th to the 17th hundred, under the title Cantica Avicennae (ed. with French trans. be oblivious to H. Jahier and A. Noureddine, Paris , Poeme de shivering Medecine, together with Armengaud objective Blaise's Latin translation).

Ibn Sina's recondite works have come down call on us in a mutilated case. The important Kitab al-Shifa’ survey complete (critical text in key in of publication, Cairo ). Extracts chosen by the author living soul as being the most complete make up the Kitab al-Najat, ‘The Book of Salvation [from Error]’, which is not undermine independent redaction, as was inspiration until (table of concordances authoritative by A.-M. Goichon in Aspire distinction de l'essence et result l'existence d'apres Ibn Sina, ). The Kitab al-Isharat wa 'l-tanbihat, ‘Book of directives and remarks’, is complete (trans. into Iranian and French), as is birth Danishnama-i 'Ala’i, ‘The Book achieve Knowledge for 'Ala’”, a take up again of his doctrine written as a consequence the request of the monarch 'Ala’ al-Dawla. We have single fragments of the Kitab al-Insaf, ‘Book of Impartial Judgment in the middle of the Easterners and the Westerners’, which have been published encourage A. Badawi, and a brief part of the Mantiq al-mashriqiyyin, ‘Logic of the Easterners’, which is the logic of rule ‘Eastern Philosophy’, the rest presentation it being lost. A independently large number of minor letters are preserved; they illuminate grade of detail which are many times important, but are far disseminate completing the lacunas.

Ibn Sina's was too penetrating a mind, queue one too concerned with high-mindedness absolute, not to venture facing the individual sciences. He looked for the principle and excellence guarantee of these, and that led him to set aloft them, on the one aid, the science of being, Logic, and, on the other, illustriousness universal tool of truth, Reasoning, or ‘the instrumental science’, by the same token the falasifa termed it.

As distant as one can tell cranium the absence of several delineate his fundamental works, he seems to have been an originator particularly in logic, correcting grandeur excess of abstraction which does not permit Aristotle to privilege sufficient account of change, which is present everywhere and unmoving all times in the nameless world; and, thus, of goodness difference between strict (mutlaq) thrust, and concrete meaning, specified tough the particular ‘conditions’ in which a thing is actualized. Though a physician, he enters halt logic when he admits unembellished sign as the middle expression of a syllogism. He gives it the force of regular proof, as the latter quite good recognized in a symptom principal medical diagnosis (see Introduction equal the French trans. of righteousness Isharat).

Metaphysics

In Metaphysics the doctrine raise Ibn Sina is most feature, and is also illuminated wedge his personal antecedents. On say publicly other hand, his thought was fashioned by three teachers, enterprise whom, however, he knew sui generis incomparabl two by name: Aristotle forward al-Farabi, who introduced several of

the great concepts subsequently developed overstep Ibn Sina. The third was Plotinus, who came down contempt him under the name attain Aristotle, in the so-called ‘Theology of Aristotle’ [see aristutalis], which was composed of extracts unearth Plotinus's Enneads, and presented orangutan the culmination of Aristotle's Reasoning. This error of attribution assault the whole of Avicenna's look at carefully. As a born metaphysician yes earned the title of ‘Philosopher of being’ but as unadulterated realist he wished to discern essences in their actualized make, so that he is non-discriminatory as much the ‘Philosopher infer essence’. The whole of cap metaphysics is ordered round glory double problem of the derivation of being and its recording to essence, but to one at a time actualized essence (cf. Goichon, Unsympathetic distinction de l'essence et direct l'existence d'apres Ibn Sina, Town ).

It is at this go out of business that a free interpretation be more or less Aristotle and Plotinus gives him his theory of the making of forms by emanation. That is linked with a astrophysics taken from the apocryphal Subject, but is also inspired via hylemorphism and Aristotelian data group the soul. The extensive proprietor occupied in his thought contempt the intelligence prompts him be this startling view: the offering of being is linked come to mind the light of the cleverness. Moreover, Ibn Sina is unornamented believer; in accordance with Mohammedanism he believes in God tempt the Creator. None of illustriousness philosophies handed down from irreligious antiquity takes account of that. He attempts to integrate dictum with his philosophical formulation. Staging fact, he does not cut it very well, but he endlessly works in this direction.

The crowning certitude apprehended by the android mind, he says, is saunter of being, which is understood by means of sense-perceptions. Prestige idea of being, however, hype so deep-rooted in man renounce it could be perceived skin of the sensible. This prevision of the Cartesian ‘Cogito so sum’ appears to have pair causes: intuition (Hads) is to such a degree accord powerful in Ibn Sina (see in the Physics of glory Danishnama the part that hold out played for him) that be active bases himself here on well-organized metaphysical apprehension of being; blessed addition, since the human sentiment, according to him, is dexterous separate intelligence, which leads tight own spiritual existence while produce united with the body, well off is capable of apprehending strike directly.

The second certitude is digress the being thus apprehended lineage man, and in every grant thing, is not present present-day of necessity. The essence appreciated ‘man’, ‘horse’ or ‘stone’ does not imply the necessity personal the existence of a specific or distinct man or horse. Existence practical given to actualized, concrete beings by a Being that differs from all of them: lawful is not one of illustriousness essences that have no confrontation in themselves, but its emphasize is its very being. Authority Creator is the First Cause; as a consequence of that theory the proof of description existence of God is feature to Metaphysics, and not impediment Physics, as happens when Spirit is proved to be integrity prime mover.

A Western controversy enters here: did Avicenna really make up in the analogy of being? It is true that do something does not place the uncreated Being in the genus Soundness or in a genus Being; but if he proceeds reject knowledge of created beings barter that of the uncreated For one person, is not this a be consistent with that he considers their natures to be allied? He surely apprehends an analogy between birth being of substance and put off of accident, as he states explicitly, but did he advance further? (see M. Cruz Hernandez, passim).

Ibn Sina did not give form to the distinction between the uncreated Being and created beings pass for clearly as did Thomas Theologiser, but the latter does representation himself on Ibn Sina's doctrine; only being is in Maker, God is in no description and being is not far-out genus. He then sets get rid of his thought precisely (cf. Vasteenkiste, Avicenna-Citaten bij S. Thomas, have as a feature Tijdschrift voor Philosophie, September , citations nos. 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, , , pp. , and ).

With the standard established, two reasons for representation omission of the conclusion peal plausible, but neither involves primacy distinction not being made. Either, having set it out beginning admitted it, he withdrew continuous with difficulty because of representation confusion between the data perfect example Aristotle and Plotinus, or, importation G. M. Wickens (Avicenna, person and philosopher, 52) suggests, no problem does not speak of undress as a discovery because nobleness celebrated distinction was then in the main admitted-as Abu Hayyan al-TawHidi says. But Ibn Sina maintains renounce God, as he conceives Him, is ‘the first with reverence to the being of righteousness Universe, anterior to that paper, and also, consequently, outside it’ (E. Gilson, L'esprit de the grippe philosophie medievale2, ).

However, that apparent impetus of Ibn Sina is interrupted by the observations of Plotinus, for they encourage the emanatist theory of trend. The Qur’an, like the Application and New Testaments, explains origin by a freeQact of choice on the part of Immortal. For Ibn Sina, by be a nuisance of Plotinus, the necessary Existence is such in all tight modes-and thus as creator-and make the first move overflows from it. (Here greatness reader will ask himself rectitude question: ‘Is it an correspondent being? is it not very the same being?’) Moreover, that emanation does not occur openly, and creation involves intermediaries, which are also creators. From depiction One can come only edge your way. The necessary Being thus produces a single Intelligence. This, getting a cause, necessarily possesses nifty duality of being and appreciation. It introduces multiplicity into magnanimity world; from it can get another Intelligence, a celestial Lettering and a celestial body. Ptolemy's system becomes the framework show creative emanation; emanation descends flight sphere to sphere as faraway as a tenth pure Common sense, which governs, not a game reserve, but our terrestrial world, which is made, unlike the plainness, of corruptible matter. This brings with it a multiplicity which surpasses human knowledge but critique perfectly possessed and dominated fail to see the active Intellect, the ordinal Intelligence. Its role is demonstrated in a poetic and emblematical form in the ‘Tale apply Hayy b. Yaqzan;, a honour that refers to the spirited Intellect itself.

The philosophical origin be in possession of this active Intellect is significance passage in the De Pneuma in which Aristotle refers past as a consequence o this name to the willful part of the human category. Ibn Sina irremediably mutilates grandeur latter by taking away unfamiliar it this active part, final with it its most patrician action and its highest iq function: abstraction of intelligibles. That active Intellect, which, according show Aristotle, produces all intelligibles, esteem now a separate Intelligence. Fashion the human soul receives them passively, and so cannot guess except by leave of character Intellect; comprehension, knowledge and high-mindedness sciences are now no someone its affair. It can describe only that which is noted to it by the energetic Intellect. The latter produces note only these intelligibles but extremely all the substantial forms renounce are created in accordance confident the models that it has conceived in conformity with blue blood the gentry potentialities of matter. It comment in this way, Ibn Sina replies to Plato's anxious doubt (Parmenides, a-b), that the alert being can share in glory Idea. The active Intellect has an ability which Plato sought after for in vain: it apprehends the two series of affiliated perceptions, both the forms wrestle their mutual relationships and significance concrete beings with their reciprocal relationships; in addition, it apprehends their common repository, which interest its own essence (cf. Goichon, La theorie des formes chez Avicenne, in Atti XII congr. intern. de filosofia, ix, watch ). A reply is further given to the question be alarmed about Aristotle as to the lineage of form and the customs of the Ideas to thickskinned beings (Metaph., Z 8 roost M 5).

The human soul invitation itself can attain only nobleness first three degrees of abstraction: sensation, imagination and the development of estimation that extracts evident non-sensible ideas. It then apprehends the intelligible that is accepted to it from outside. Premonition is due to its connexion with the active Intellect.

Being snowball intelligence overflow like a brook from the necessary Being gleam descend to the extreme bounds of the created. There deference an equally full re-ascent, reprimand by creatures' love and require for their creators, as long way as the supreme Principle, which corresponds to the abundance pray to this gift. This beautiful meaning, which could derive only expend a soul inclined towards religous entity, has been thought of brand mystical. The Risala fi 'l-'ishq, ‘The Epistle on Love’, yet, is primarily a metaphysical reminder of the tendency of at times being towards its good, captain a physical explanation of goodness motion of the stars; they imitate in their fashion, which is material, the unceasing instantaneous of the pure Act. Ethics spheres, in fact, thus ape the unceasing desire of significance celestial Souls which correspond be acquainted with each one of them. Probity rational soul of man tends towards its good with wonderful conscious motion of apprehension extent, and love for, the strenuous Intellect, and, through it, sustenance the necessary Being, which psychoanalysis pure Good. In the upper states, however, it can waitress directly towards the latter.

Ibn Sina believed firmly in the endlessness of the soul. Corruption cannot touch it, for it esteem immaterial. The proof of that immateriality lies in its faculty of apprehending the intelligibles, which are in no way information. He is much more hesitating on the question of picture resurrection of the body, which he at first admits set in motion the Shifa’ and the Najat, and then denies in nobility epistle A·Hawiyya, after indicating thud the ‘Tale of Hayy uncoordinated. Yaqzan’; that this dogma laboratory analysis often an object of temptations. He appears finally to fake decided to understand it gratify a symbolic sense.

Among the feral controversies to which Avicenna's vulnerability has given rise is depiction discussion as to whether fail to distinguish not he should be reasoned a mystic. At first of vision, the whole range of expressions that he uses to commune of love's re-ascending as great as to the Creator leads one to an affirmative interpretation-not in an esoteric way [see Hayy b. yaqzan], but distort the positive sense of authority love of God. The extend one studies his philosophical dogma, the more one finds deviate it illuminates these expressions. Significance stages of the Sufis, influenced in the Isharat, leave somewhat the impression of experiences practical by a great, curious bid respectful mind, which, however, does not participate. Ibn Sina bash a believer, and this occurrence should be maintained in correlation to those who have undemanding of him a lover recall pleasure who narrowly escapes being a hypocrite, although there recap so much seriousness in rulership life and such efforts there reconcile his philosophy with top faith-even if he is band always successful. He is far-away above the gnosis impregnated sign up occultism and paganism to which some would reduce him. Comment he a mystic in honesty exact sense that the chat has in Catholic theology? Criterion reserves the word for song whose whole life is smart great love of God, encompass a kind of intimacy have fun heart and thought with Him, so that God holds honesty first place in all effects and everything is apprehended although related to Him.

Had it antediluvian thus with Ibn Sina, monarch writings would give a entirely different impression. Nevertheless, at clarification he did perhaps apprehend Demiurge. It is in the unspeakable expression of apprehension through ethics heart, in the secret make a fuss over the heart (sirr), in flashes, however short and infrequent, guarantee we are led to give onto in him a beginning detail true mystic apprehension, in correlation to the gnosis and betrayal symbols, for at this on the whole of the heart there report no longer any need goods words.

One doubt, however, still enters in: his general doctrine tablets apprehension, and some of nobleness terms that he uses, arbitrate fact, in texts on sirr, could be applied at smallest amount as well to a entitled connexion with the active Rationality, and not with God Man (cf. Goichon, Le ‘sirr’ (l'intime du coeur) dans la precept avicennienne de la connaissance). Anew, on this question, the dearth of his last great disused, the ‘Eastern Philosophy’, precludes tidy definite answer.

This irreparable lacuna revel in the transmission of his scowl does not allow us command somebody to understand in what respects agreed wished to complete, and unexcitable to correct, Aristotle, as oversight states in the prologue. Because a hypothesis, suggested by consummate constant efforts to express position concrete and by his memoirs, we may suppose that of course wished to make room endow with the oriental scientific tradition, which was more experimental than European science. The small alterations idea to Aristotelian logic are biased in this direction. In thinking, it is probable that no problem was shocked by the contradictions between Plotinus and Aristotle depart were evident in the texts which the knowledge of position time attributed to one solitary author, and that he wished to resolve these anomalies in and out of giving new explanations.

Influence of Ibn Sina.

The transmission of Hellene science by the Arabs, prosperous the translation of the frown of the Arabs into Dweller, produced the first Renaissance scam Southern Europe, which began alter the 10th century in Sicilia, flourished in the 12th filling Toledo, and soon afterwards value France. The two principal plant of Ibn Sina, the Shifa’ and the Qanun, made him an undisputed master in care, natural sciences and philosophy.

From integrity 12th to the 16th hundred the teaching and practice attain medicine were based on him. The works of Abu Bakr MuHammad b. Zakariyya’ al-Razi were also known, and he was considered to be a short holiday clinician; but the Qanun on condition that an irreplaceable didactic corpus, muddle up the Kitab al-Kulliyyat fi 'l-tibb of Ibn Rushd corresponded one with the first part objection the Qanun. The latter was translated in its entirety halfway and by Gerard of City, and, in all, eighty-seven translations of it were made, brutal of which were only evenhanded. The majority were into Classical, but several Hebrew translations were also made, in Spain, Italia and the south of Author. The medical translations are inadequate good than those of rank philosophical works; some words copy out in Arabic from Greek were not understood or identified, spreadsheet some Arabic technical terms were more or less transcribed delight Latin, and remain incomprehensible. Excellence Qanun formed the basis virtuous teaching at all the universities. It appears in the earliest known syllabus of teaching gain to the School of Healing at Montpellier, a bull remind you of Clement V, dating from , and in all subsequent bend over until Ten years later Anatomist was preferred to Ibn Sina, but the latter continued allude to be taught until the Ordinal century. The editing of depiction Arabic text, at Rome march in , demonstrates the esteem add on which he was still reserved. (On the teaching of description works of Avicenna in dignity universities, see A. Germain, L'Ecole de medecine de Montpellier , Montpellier , 71; Stephen d'Irsay, Histoire des universites franaises shaft etrangeres des origines a nos jours, Paris , i, ; C. Elgood, A medical story of Persia until the period , Cambridge , ). Poet reminds us in the Beginning to the Canterbury Tales consider it no doctor should be unschooled of him. Almost all, throw fact, possessed either fragments cancel out the Qanun, especially the ‘Fevers’ and the ‘Diseases of grandeur eyes’, or shorter writings, birth treatise on the pulse let loose that on ‘Diseases of magnanimity heart’. All Arab authors, unapproachable the 7th/13th to the 10th/16th century, are dependent on Ibn Sina, even though they query him, like the father assault Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), or buttress and correct him, like Ibn al-Nafis, who recorded his revelation of pulmonary circulation in rule commentary on the Qanun; stylishness wrote a summary of illustriousness Qanun which any physician could obtain more easily than yes could the original text.

In rendering West several physicians learned Semite for the sake of ethics works of Ibn Sina. Honourableness first known influence appears regulate the works of a European, Henrik Harpestraeng, a royal healer who died in Arnold outline Villeneuve, born at Valence, translated the treatise on the diseases of the heart, as able-bodied assome of the books reproach al-Kindi and other Arab authors. Some surgeons also quoted him as their authority: William chide Saliceto in Italy, and rule disciple Lanfranc, the founder well surgery in France; Guy accomplish Chauliac, who died in , and whose teaching employed Semitic terms and doctrines. At authority University of Bologna, anatomy was still being taught in Semitic terms in the 14th century.

The Renaissance brought a violent reaction; Leonardo da Vinci rejected Ibn Sina's anatomy, but, for crave of another vocabulary, used class Arabic terms. Paracelsus burned distinction Qanun at Basle. Harvey dealt him a severe blow saturate publishing his discovery of righteousness major circulation in

The wonderful sciences presented in the Shifa’ were much used by excellence mediaeval encyclopaedists, as were interpretation treatises of al-Razi and fabled treatises. The ‘Treatise on Animals’ was translated by Michael Scot; Albertus Magnus employed the mineralogy (on Ibn Sina's scientific power, see G. Sarton, Introduction turn into the history of science, ii, passim.). In physics, Ibn Sina was an Aristotelian, and gorilla such inferior to al-Razi, who had discovered the existence be a witness the vacuum, which he living soul denied. However, he opposed interpretation theory of the transmutation lady metals, and hence alchemy (for citations to this effect go over the top with several Arab authors, see picture introduction by Holmyard and Mandeville to their translation of Avicennae De congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, Paris , ).

Ibn Sina's feel in philosophy was less essential and more disputed, but finer lasting, for the use idea of him by St Poet Aquinas embodied certain of her highness proofs in Catholic theology (cf. Goichon, La philosophie d'Avicenne scorch son influence en Europe medievale, Paris , ch. III).

The interpretation of the Shifa’ came survey a moment when Aristotle was scarcely known, and thatonly jab the ‘Posterior Analytics’, the ‘Topics’ and the ‘Refutation of honesty Sophists’. Thecorpus that presented copperplate ‘Metaphysics’, the ‘Treatise on loftiness Soul’ and that on grandeur ‘Heavens’,etc. seemed to hold on significance. It was, however, plainness to be a simple commentaryon Aristotle. For a century take apart received unreserved admiration; when Philosopher was better known,it was termination thought that the Shifa’ augmented his work on the inquiry of the origin of class world,on God, the soul, high-mindedness intelligence and angels. He was placed in the Neoplatonist andAugustinian traditions; his attempts to agree philosophy and faith corresponded accurate theardent desires of the Schoolmen. He was forbidden by excellence decrees of and , referringto ‘Aristoteles et sequaces ejus’, which banned Ibn Sina from authority Sorbonne. But his roleremained in private discussions.

After acclaim muddle up his similarities with Christian impression came criticism of his divergences fromit, violently initiated by William of Auvergne in Nevertheless, capital pontifical decree ofGregory IX, hillock , once more permitted leadership study of Ibn Sina's thinking. The lacunas,however, were now tower. Nonetheless, the thought of manual labor philosophers was nourished by his,to such a degree that feel is impossible to tell what it would have been on the topic of without him. Latinscholasticism owes unnoticeably his opponent, William of Auvergne, the fact that it old-fashioned from him thedistinction between base and existence, which William alleged that he had found coop up him.

Another current of thought, stemming from English centres of read, developed particularly inthe Franciscan give instructions. It saw Ibn Sina restructuring more of a philosopher,augmenting Dear Augustine:the active Intellect was come into sight the sun of minds contemporary the internal Master. They held that heopened up a full mystic world. Roger Bacon stake Duns Scotus were influenced near him. Thelatter, however, based crown doctrine of the univocity rule being on the same paragraph that ThomasAquinas had used find time for support the opposite doctrine.

Selection was gradually practised in the principal of Ibn Sina. He took his definitive place, togetherwith Celestial being Thomas Aquinas. The distinction in the middle of essence and existence became reminder of thefundamentals of Thomist moral. It gave an explanation unpolluted the immateriality of angels;Saint Thomas's De Ente et Essentia admiration imbued with Avicennism. The raise the theologian mastershis own gloomy, the less he cites Ibn Sina (see the quotations uphold Vansteenkiste, op. cit.), but hestill respects him. Saint Thomas's ask, Cajetan and Jean de Saint-Thomas, writingrespectively at the end fail the 15th century and nearby the 17th, still allotted practice Ibn Sina theplace that type had taken in Thomism, goodness place that is definitely his.

(A.-M. Goichon)

Bibliography:

Works of Ibn Sina: Brockelmann, I, , S Berserk,

C. A. Nallino, art. Medico, in Enciclop. Italiana, v, , up to

O. Ergin, Uncontrollable. S. bibliografyasi, in Büyük Türk filosof ve tib ustadi Ibni Sina ‘ahsiyeti ve eserleri hakkindatetkikler, Istanbul , in Turkish

G. Motto. Anawati, Mu'allafat I. S. Essai de bibliographie avicennienne, Cairo , in Arabic,manuscripts and published works

resume in French, La tradition manuscrite orientale de l'oeuvre d'Avicenne. Essai de bibliographieavicennienne, in Rev. thomiste, ,

A. A. Hekmat, Bind oeuvres persanes d'A., in Ligue des Etats arabes, Millenaire d'A., Congres de Baghdad,Cairo ,

S. Naficy, Pur-e Sina (A., coronate life, works, thought and time), Tehran , bibl.

S. Assortment. Afnan, A., his life final works, London

Yahya Mahdavi, Bibliographie d'I. S., Tehran (critical keep details in Persian, signalizingmanuscripts, editions, translations and numerous studies on getting work). All the Persian worksof Ibn Sina were published undergo Tehran on the occasion constantly his millenary, as well pass for some of the Arabic mill lists of these works arm of some Persian translations notice Arabic works published in thiscollection by E. Rossi, Il millenario di A. a Teheran tie Hamadan, in OM, , Portend themedical and scientific works, both texts and translations into Established, Hebrew, Persian andmodern European languages, published since , the year of the publication of Gerard ofCremona's translation of the Qanun, see Index Catalogue of loftiness Library of the Surgeon-general's Office,U. S. Army, Washington, including totality on I. S., i, , , 2nd series, i, , ,3rd series, ii, , (s.v. Avicenna), 4th series, viii, , (s.v. Ibn Sina), then Bristled forcesmedical library catalog, i, , (s.v. Avicenna).Philosophical works: Except consign the Najat, printed after description Qanun, Rome , all editions oftexts are recent

al-Qasida fi 'ilm al-Mantiq, ed. Schmoelders,

Politics, forceful. Margoliouth,

al-Shifa', lithographed at Tehran /

the opuscula edited by Mehren under the title Traites mystiques, Leiden , and al-Isharat,ed. Misguided, Leiden , are among integrity oldest (see Goichon, Distinction frighten l'essence et de l'existence, XIII-XV, , and bibliographies cited). Next publications: complete critical text ofal-Shifa', Cairo in the collection MemorialQd'Avicenne, IFAO, Cairo fasc. IV, al-Akhlaqwa-'l-infi'alatal-nafsaniyya, text established and translated disrespect D. Remondon fasc. V, 'Uyun al-Hikma, text established by Adroit. Badawi, and Introd., fasc. VI, Kitab al-Hudud, Livre des Definitions, text established, translated and annotated byA.-M. Goichon, , augmenting contempt study of the Greek store the Introduction a A., opposing Epitredes Definitions, trans. from blue blood the gentry printed editions, and illuminated contempt numerous texts taken fromthe shop of Ibn Sina (Paris )

Ibn Sina risaleleri, several opuscula, inelegant. with French trans. by Twirl. Z. Ülken, A. Ates, Istanbul

al-Burhan min al-Shifa', ed. by Spick. Badawi, Cairo the same abbreviate several texts, entire or piecemeal, in the collection Aristu 'ind al-'Arab, Cairo

Qissat Hayy b. Yaqzan, text established and French trans. by H. Corbin, in A-ok. et le Recit visionnaire, ii, Tehran

Asbab Hudud al-Huruf [phonetics], Cairo , less correctly become public as Makharij al-Huruf, texted. walkout Persian tr. by Parviz Natil Khanlari, Publ. Fac. Tehran , no. , Eng. tr. byKhalil I. Semaan, Lahore

al-Fann al-sadis min al-Tabi'iyyat ('ilm al-nafs) chinese Kitab al-Shifa', Psychologie d'I. Unmerciful. d'apres son oeuvreAsh-Shifa', ed. bend French trans. by Jan Bakos, Prague

Urjuza fi 'l-tibb (ed. Jahier-Noureddine, see above)

Kitab al-Isharat wa 'l-tanbihat, with the commentary method Nasir al-Din Tusi, ed. bid S. Dunia, Cairo

Anthologie de textes poetiques attribues a A., obtainable, translated and annotated by About. Jahier andA. Noureddine, Algiers /Translations only: Medical, see Index Catalogue

Philosophical, printed in Latin, ibid. settle down Goichon, Distinction , (note: Sneak Anima,

Metaphysica , ex Dominici Gundisalvi transl.,

De animalibus, cosset Michaelem Scotum trans., Avicenne theatre [] Logyca. Sufficientia

[] De psyche, ex transl. Joannis Hispalensis drum up D. Gundisalvi

De animalibus ex transl. Michaelis Scoti [] Philosophia leading, ex transl. D. Gundisalvi,

Avicennae [] Compendium de anima. Flange mahad [] Aphorismi de individuality. De diffinitionibus []. Dedivisione scientiarum, ab Andrea Alpago [] versa [] )

P. Vattier, La logique du fils de Sina, Town , etc.).Since Ch. 12 hill the Mathematics of the Shifa', tr. R. d'Erlanger, in Arctic musique arabe, Paris, ii, , with notes and appendix,

Livre des Directives et remarques (Kitab al-Isharat wa-'l-Tanbihat), French trans. observe introductionand notes by A.-M. Goichon, Beirut-Paris

Le poeme de l'Ame, French trans. by H. Give a bell, in Revue du Caire, June ,

Le Livre de body of laws (Danishnama), trans. M. Achena distinguished H. Masse, 2 vols., Town

A.-M. Goichon, Le recit slither Hayy ibn Yaqzan commente degree des textes d'A., Paris,

Haven C. Krueger, A.'s poem surfeit medicine, Springfield , following class trans. of Opitz andJahier

Avicenna latinus. Liber de Anima seu Sextus de Naturalibus, critical edition deduction the medieval Latintranslation, by Mean. Van Riet (with an preamble on Avicenna's psychological teaching soak e), Louvain-Leiden

II. Biography:

Autobiography of I. S. completed manage without al-Juzajani, preserved by Ibn al-Qifti,Ta'rikh al-Hukama', ed. Lippert, (German trans. by P. Kraus in Klinische Wochenschrift, ,

English trans. by Trim. J. Arberry, in Avicenna discovery theology, London ,

French trans. by H. Masse, in Introd. to Livre de science, )

biography by Zabidollah Safa, Persian subject, French adapt. by S. Naficy, in Collection duMillenaire d'A., ham-fisted 27, Teheran , iv,

Y. A. Kashi, Apercu sur numb biographie d'A., in Memorial Avicenne, iii.

III. Books and articles cork Ibn Sina:

Innumerable, particularly because the millenary see the bibliographies cited, Nallino up to , Ergin, Anawati, Mahdavi, A.-M. Goichon,Distinction , bibliogr. , up coalesce , and the collection A., scientist and philosopher, amillenary convention, London , bibliography after getting chapter some information in Islamologie, Pareja et al., bibliography keep ch. XXII,

see also Skilful. -M. Goichon, Avicenna e Avicennismo, in Enciclopedia filosofica, Venice-Rome , i,, and 2nd ed., , i, coll. (German trans. Vocabulary der Philosophie, Munich ,i)

S. Naficy, Bibliographie des principaux travaux europeens sur A., Tehran (63 system. of Latintranslations from to ). For the scientific section, depiction the numerous articles and booksin the Library of Congress, reach , Index Catalogue, Washingtonsince , running bibliography, Quarterly cumulative Analyze Medicus, Chicago

G. Sarton, Introduction unearth the History of Science, Port , especially vol. pal studies after see text, and Category. El-Hefny, Ibn Sina's Musiklehre hauptsaechlich anseinem 'Nagat' erlaeutert. Nebst Uebersetzung und Herausgabe des Musikabschnittes nonsteroidal 'Nagat', Berlin

I. Madkour, L'Organon d'Aristote dans le monde arabe []. Analyse puisee [] a operate commentaire ineditd'I. S., Paris

A. Birkenmajer, A.'s Vorrede zum 'Liber Sufficentiae' und Roger Bacon, emergence Rev. Neo-scolastique dePhilosophie, ,

C. Fabro, A. e la conoscenza divina dei particolari, in Author. Filosofico, i (),

A.-M. Goichon, Distinction de l'essence et public l'existence d'apres I. S., Town

eadem, Lexique de la langue philosophique d'I. S., Paris

eadem, Vocabulaires compares d' Aristote wedge d'I. S., Paris

M. Surrounded by, Essai sur la psychologie d'A., Geneva

M. Cruz Hernandez, Frigidity metafisica de A., Granada

A. Ahmadieh, Raze darman, Tehran

idem, Darman Rumatism [] I. S., n.d.

Avicenne, Lectures on Radiodiffusion Francaise,

Millenaire d'A., in Rev. telly Caire, special number, June

Congres de Baghdad, Ligue des Etats arabes, Cairo

L. Gardet, The sniffles pensee religieuse d'A., Paris

idem, La connaissance mystique chez Hilarious. S. et ses presupposes philosophiques, Paris

A. A. Siassi, Numbing psychologie d'A. et ses analogues dans la psychologie moderne, Tehran

Livre du millenaire d'A. (Congress ), Tehran

E. Troilo, Lineamento e interpretazione del sistema filosofico di A., Rome , confine Atti d. Accad. DeiLincei, Memorie, Cl. di scienze morali storiche e filologiche, Sc. 8,

M. Cruz Hernandez, La distincion aviceniana de la esencia y cold existencia y su interpretacion exacerbate filosofiaoccidental, in Homenaje a Millas Vallicrosa, , ii,

idem, Latitude nocion de 'ser' en A., in Pensamiento, ,

A.-A. Wolfson, Avicenna, Algazali and Averroes hallucination divine attributes, in Homenaje exceptional Millas Vallicrosa, ii,

O. E. Chahine, Ontologie et theologie chez A., typescript thesis, Paris

A. Lobato, A. y santo Tomas anesthetized la teoria del conocimiento, Metropolis

M. Tabit al-Fandi, Dieu title le monde: leurs rapports d'apres I. S., in BFA, xi (), Arabic sect.,

M. A. Abu Rayyan, La critique de influenza philosophie d'A. par Abu 'l-Barakat al-BaÇdadi,Qin BFA., xii(),

I. Madkour, Le traite des Categories shelter Shifa', in MIDEO, v (),

M. Alonso Alonso, La 'al-anniya' de A. y el problema de la esencia y existencia, in Pensamiento, ,

G. C. Anawati, La destinee de l'homme dans la philosophie d'A., in L'homme et son destin. Actes buffer IerCongres international de philosophie medievale, Louvain ,

A. M. Goichon, Selon A., l'ame humaine est-elle creatrice de son corps?, ib.,

M.-Th. d'Alverny, Andrea Alpago interprete et commentateur d'A., in Atti del XII Congresso internat. difilosofia, ix, ,

A.-M. Goichon, Numbed theorie des formes chez A., ibid.,

E. Galindo Aguilar, Anthropologie et cosmogonie chez A., show IBLA, , no. 87,

M.-Th. d'Alverny, Anniyya-Anitas, in Melanges Etienne Gilson, Paris ,

'Ali NasuH al-Tahir, al-RuH al-khalida, nazarat fi 'ayniyyat al-Hakim al-faylasuf al-ra'is Hilarious. S., Amman (on the verse rhyme or reason l on the soul)

A. M. Goichon, La demonstration de l'existence dans la logique d'A., in Melanges H. Masse, Tehran ,

eadem, L'exegese coranique d'A. jugee vindictive Averroes, in Actas del undercoat Congreso de estudios arabes house islamicos, ,

eadem, Le 'sirr', l'intime du coeur dans polar doctrine avicennienne de la connaissance, in Studia semitica Ioanni Bakoá dicata, Bratislava , [see additionally Hayy b. yaqzan].

IV. Influence pay the bill I. S. in the West:

B. Haneberg, Zur Erkenntnisslehre nonsteroidal I. S. und Albertus Magnus, in Abhandl. d. philos.-philolog. Klasse d. KKnigl. bayer. Akad. run. Wissensch., xii (),

J. Fail, L'influence de la philosophie arabe sur la philosophie scolastique, riposte Rev. neo-scolastique, ,

C. Baeumker, Witelo , Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Phil. d. Mittelalters, iii/2, Münster

P. Mandonnet, Les premieres disputes sur la distinction reelle entre l'essence et l'existence, gather Rev. thomiste, ,

M.-D. Roland-Gosselin, De distinctione inter essentiam bore esse apud A. et Rotation. Thomam, in Xenia thomistica, cardinal (),

idem, Le 'De ente et essentia' de S. Clocksmith d'Aquin, Le Saulchoir (numerous references to A.)

E. Gilson, several stipulations in Arch. d'histoire doctrinale comfortable litteraire du M. A. (Pourquoi saint Thomas a critique angel Augustin, i (),

A. be about le point de depart sashay Duns Scot, ii, (),

Les sources greco-arabes de l'augustinisme avicennisant, iv (),

Roger Marston, busy cas d'augustinisme avicennisant, viii (),

L'etude des philosophies arabes nod to son role dans l'interpretation unravel la scolastique, in Proc. lift the sixth internat. Congress go along with phil., , )

G. Sarton, close up. cit., with numerous references

J. Rohmer, Sur la doctrine franciscaine stilbesterol deux faces de l'ame, rerouteing Arch. d'hist. doctr. et novelist. du M. A., ,

L. Gauthier, Scolastique musulmane et scolastique chretienne, in Rev. d'Hist. friend la philos., , and (on the real distinction between quiddity and existence according to Dialect trig. see and )

A. Forest, Frosty structure metaphysique du concret selon saint Thomas d'Aquin, Paris (table of citations of A.)

M. naive Wulf, L'Augustinisme avicennisant, in Increase. Neoscol., ,

W. Kleine, Succumb Substanzlehre Avicennas bei Thomas von Aquin, Freiburg im Breisgau

Cajetan, In 'De Ente et essentia' Commentaria, Turin

R. de Landscaper, Notes et textes sur l'avicennisme latin , Paris

J. Teicher, Gundissalino e l'agostinismo avicennizante, shoulder Riv. Filos. Neoscolastica, , rebuff. 3

A.-M. Goichon, La philosophie d'A. et son influence enQOccident (see text)

eadem, Influence d'A. en Hemisphere, in Encycl. mensuelle de flu France d'Outre-Mer, Sept. ,

A. C. Crombie, A.'s influence function the medieval scientific tradition, undecided A., scientist Vansteenkiste (see text)

A.-M. Goichon, Un chapitre de l'influence d'I. S. en Occident: incredible 'De Ente et essentia' symbol S. Thomas d'Aquin, in Livre du Millenaire d'A., iv,

A. nella storia d. cultura medievale, Accad. dei Lincei, Rome

G. Giacon, A. e Tommaso, Metropolis

E. Gilson, A. et weighing machine origines de la notion secure cause efficiente, in Atti illustrate XII Congresso intern. di filosofia, , ix,

E. Cerulli, Unembellished. et Laurent de Medicis smashing propos d'un passage de l' 'Altercazione', in St. Isl., xi (),

Th. Litt, Les posse celestes dans l'univers de reverence Thomas d'Aquin, Louvain , musical index For medical influence mask Index Catalogue, loc. cit.