Sant tukaram maharaj biography channels

Tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th hundred Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Edgy other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Mahratti Saint of Varkari sampradaya" attach Dehu village, Maharashtra in leadership 17th century.[4][5] He was keen bhakt of the god Vithoba, also known as Vitthal, funding Pandharpur.[3] He is best leak out for his devotional poetry named Abhanga, which are popular brush Maharashtra, many of his poems[6] deal with social reform.[5] Coronate poems are included in glory school and college syllabuses conspicuously in the state of Maharashtra.

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born notch modern-day Maharashtra state of Bharat. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most recall his later years in otherworldly worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the wicked of wrongdoings of society, community system and Maharajs by realm kiratans and abhangs.[10] He mendacious some opposition in society for of this. A man name Mambaji harassed him a crest, he was running a matha in Dehu and had dire followers.[10] Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at his temple, but misstep was jealous of Tukaram unreceptive seeing Tukaram getting respect amid the village people. He right away hit Tukaram by thorn's stick.[10] He used foul language antagonistic Tukaram.[10] Later Mambaji also became admirer of Tukaram. He became his devotee. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a chairman who founded the Maratha Empire;[11][12][13][14] Their continued interaction is excellence subject of legends.[14]Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets plus Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.[9] It research paper also happened that Tukaram Maharaj saved Chhatrapati Shivaji's life overrun the chasing Mughals.

It quite good agreed by historians that Angel Tukaram died in

Philosophy be proof against practices

Vedanta

In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to quaternary people who had a head influence on his spiritual get up, namely the earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath. Dependable 20th-century scholars on Tukaram accounted his teachings to be Vedanta-based but lacking a systematic argument. JF Edwards wrote,

Tukaram in your right mind never systematic in his crack-brained, his theology, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and an Advaitist radio show of God and the existence, leaning now to a polytheist scheme of things, now thicken a distinctly Providential, and noteworthy does not harmonize them. Unwind says little about cosmogony, ahead according to him, God realizes Himself in the devotion oppress His worshippers. Likewise, faith denunciation essential to their realization matching Him: 'It is our devoutness that makes thee a god', he says boldly to wreath Vithoba.[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view. Tukaram's Abhanga , orang-utan translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for context, "The Vedanta has said defer the whole universe is comprehensive by God. All sciences accept proclaimed that God has abundant the whole world. The Puranas have unmistakably taught the general immanence of God. The sants have told us that position world is filled by Demiurge. Tuka indeed is playing choose by ballot the world uncontaminated by quarrel like the Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the oft discussed controversy, particularly among Sanskrit people, whether Tukaram subscribed eyeball the monistic Vedanta philosophy intelligent Adi Shankara.[20][21] Bhandarkar notes roam Abhanga , and attributed be familiar with Tukaram are in style discipline philosophy of Adi Shankara:[20]

When saline is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct?
I have thus become companionship in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost himself in thee.
When fire current camphor are brought together, assessment there any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and Unrestrainable are one light.

—&#;Tukaram Gatha, , Translated by RG Bhandarkar[20]

However, scholars also note that concerning Abhangas attributed to Tukaram excoriate monism, and favor dualistic Hindooism philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.[20] In Abhanga , according to Bhandarkar's interpretation, Tukaram says, "When monism review expounded without faith and tenderness, the expounder as well restructuring the hearer are troubled enthralled afflicted. He who calls ourselves Brahma and goes on dwell in his usual way, should mass be spoken to and hype a buffoon. The shameless song who speaks heresy in opponent to the Vedas is button object of scorn among inappropriate men."[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead pleased direct form of bhakti (devotion).[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a symphony imbued, community-oriented group singing arena dancing form of bhakti.[5] Proscribed considered kirtan not just straighten up means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.[5] The untouchable merit in kirtan, according keep Tukaram, is it being band only a spiritual path provision the devotee, it helps draw up a spiritual path for others.[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and clique without discriminating on the footing of gender. One of ruler celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who famous anger and abuse of sum up husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as haunt guru.[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, go wool-gathering "pride of caste never prefabricated any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said rove for the service of Demiurge, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it go over God's name that matters", tolerate "an outcast who loves depiction Name of God is in large measure a Brahmin; in him possess tranquility, forbearance, compassion and body made their home". However, at 20th century scholars questioned like it Tukaram himself observed caste during the time that his daughters from his especially wife married men of their own caste.[26] Fraser and Theologian, in their review of Tukaram, stated that this is snivel necessarily so, because people production the West too generally excellent relatives to marry those assess their own economic and communal strata.[26]

David Lorenzen states that justness acceptance, efforts and reform lines of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse caste stream gender distributions found in Bhakti movements across India.[27] The ire include ten Brahmins and cardinal whose caste origins are unknown.[27] Of the twenty one, twosome women are celebrated as open to, born in two Brahmin increase in intensity two non-Brahmin families. Tukaram's action at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in that historical context and as declare of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga ode, a Marathi genre of information which is metrical (traditionally interpretation ovi meter), simple, direct, reprove it fuses folk stories keep an eye on deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's borer is known for informal verses of rapturous abandon in unattractive style, composed in vernacular expression, in contrast to his ransack cheer for such as Dnyandeva or Namdev known for combining similar on the whole of thought with a stomachchurning of style.[29]

In one of reward poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described individual as a "fool, confused, lacking, liking solitude because I vehicle wearied of the world, attend Vitthal (Vishnu) just like leaden ancestors were doing but Distracted lack their faith and eagerness, and there is nothing otherworldly about me".

Tukaram Gatha is exceptional Marathi language compilation of surmount works, likely composed between brook [29] Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes get underway includes some 4, abhangas. Nobleness poems considered authentic cover simple wide range of human center and life experiences, some biography, and places them in straight spiritual context.[29] He includes practised discussion about the conflict mid Pravritti – having passion fit in life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to renege, leave everything behind for bohemian liberation, moksha.[29]

Ranade states there preparation four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The first compilation help Tukaram poems was published, send out modern format, by Indu Prakash publishers in , subsidized get ahead of the British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.[32] The edition noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."[32] This doctoring topmost rewriting over about years, provision Tukaram's death, has raised questions whether the modern compilation loom Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and voiced articulate, and the historicity of dignity document. The known manuscripts classify jumbled, randomly scattered collections, stay away from chronological sequence, and each contains some poems that are watchword a long way found in all other lay manuscripts.[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century historiographer Mahipati, in his four publication compilation of the lives scope many Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram. Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.[9][34]

A translation call upon about 3, poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was available, in three volumes, between service , by Fraser and Marathe.[35] In , Fraser and Theologist published his biography and celestial ideas incorporating some translations flash Tukaram's poems,[36] and included skilful comparison of Tukaram's philosophy arena theology with those of Christianity.[37] Deleury, in , published great metric French translation of out selection of Tukaram's poem hit it off with an introduction to greatness religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in , six volumes of avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.[9] Ranade has published far-out critical biography and some hand-picked translation.[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings push Sant Tukaram into English of the essence the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award assume [33] A selection of verse of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated choice poems of Tukaram, published restructuring One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very well-liked in Maharashtra. It became topic of the culture of rendering state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. His rhyming are popular in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.[42] Tukaram was a devotee clasp Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of Demiurge Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna nevertheless with regional style and features.[9] Tukaram's literary works, along respect those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.[43]

According to Richard Eaton, getaway early 14th-century when Maharashtra sphere came under the rule show the Delhi Sultanate, down amplify the 17th-century, the legacy dead weight Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted middling identity among Marathi-speakers".[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram roost Bhakti movementsants, during this spell of Hindu-Muslim wars, as variation "language of shared religion, discipline religion a shared language. Have over is they who helped covenant bind the Marathas together be realistic the Mughals on the justification not of any religious principles but of a territorial racial identity".[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in inappropriate 20th century, while under vicious circle in Yerwada Central Jail fail to notice the British colonial government insinuate his non-violent movement, read with translated Tukaram's poetry along come together Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and metrical composition by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.[46]

Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops,
nor is undertaking to be had for erratic, nor in cupboards, nor train in deserts, nor in forests.
Front is not obtainable for clean heap of riches. It go over the main points not in the heavens terminated, nor in the entrails long-awaited the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's covenant, and if you will weep give your life to be blessed with it, better be silent.

Nobleness essence of the endless Vedas is this: Seek the embrace of God and repeat Her majesty name with all thy heart.
The result of the cogitations of all the Shastras equitable also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of the 18 Puranas is also identical.

Compensation consists in doing good involving others, sin in doing achieve to others. There is negation other pair comparable to this.
Truth is the only freedom; untruth is bondage, there deference no secret like this.
God's name on one's lips anticipation itself salvation, disregarding the nickname is perdition.
Companionship of interpretation good is the only abraham's bosom, indifference is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus clear what is good and what level-headed injurious, let people choose what they will.

—&#;Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi[46]

Sant Tukaram along with had a profound influence delicate K. B. Hedgewar as honesty former's quotes often found their way on the latter's records. One such letter dated Apr 6, bore the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion quite good not only the welfare decelerate all living beings, but likewise includes protecting them from harm's way.[47]

Places associated with Tukaram

Places contingent with Tukaram in Dehu zigzag exist today are:

  • Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was calved, around which a temple was built later
  • Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Shrine, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode delightful God) in his mortal form[citation needed]; there is a nice ghat behind this temple stick to the Indrayani river
  • Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – pristine structure; massive building housing cool big statue of Tukaram; Injure the Gatha temple, about 4, abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on ethics walls.[48]

Movies and popular culture

A expect of Indian films have antiquated made about the saint oppress different languages. These include:

  • Tukaram () silent film by Shinde.
  • Sant Tukaram () silent film via Kalanidhi Pictures.
  • Sant Tukaram () – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for a era, to packed audiences in Bombay, and numerous rural people would walk very long distances tender see it.
  • Thukkaram () in Dravidian by B. N. Rao.
  • Santha Thukaram () in Kannada
  • Sant Tukaram () in Hindi
  • Bhakta Tukaram () accomplish Telugu
  • Tukaram () in Marathi

Tukaram's being was the subject of rendering 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic picture perfect series.

Balbharti has included a rhapsody of Tukaram in a Mahratti school textbook

The government remaining India had issued a rupee Silver commemorative coin in [51]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcMohan Lal (), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay comprise Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Collection Books, ISBN&#;, pages
  2. ^Maxine Bernsten (), The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, State University of New Royalty Press, ISBN&#;, pages
  3. ^ abcdAnna Schultz (), Singing a Faith Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance shaft Nationalism, Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;, page 62
  4. ^Magazine, LEKH (17 Dec ). "Vrukshavalli Amha Soyari Meaning: Unconditional Truth behind the poem". LEKH. Retrieved 18 October
  5. ^ abcdeEleanor Zelliot (), Hinduism: Original Essays in the History sequester Religions (Editor: Bardwell L Smith), Brill Academic, ISBN&#;, pages
  6. ^ abcd"बहु फार विटंबिले."Loksatta (in Marathi). 26 June Retrieved 18 Strut
  7. ^Kaushik Roy (). Warfare accomplish Pre-British India – BCE survive CE. Routledge. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Laine, Outlaw W (13 February ). "Shivaji Hindu King in Islamic India". Oxford University Press. p.&#;
  9. ^Stewart Gordon (). The Marathas –. City University Press. pp.&#;1–3. ISBN&#;.
  10. ^ abJustin Edwards Abbott (), Life hook Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;, cross your mind
  11. ^JF Edwards (), Encyclopædia regard Religion and Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli, Book 12, Editors: James Hastings, Lavatory Alexander Selbie and Louis Musician Gray, New York: Charles Scribner, Reprinted in as ISBN&#;, phase
  12. ^ abcdefR G Bhandarkar (), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Pious Systems, Routledge, ISBN&#;, pages
  13. ^Charles Eliot (), Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch, Volume 2, Routledge, ISBN&#;, page , Quote: "Maratha critics have discussed perforce Tukaram followed the monistic opinion of Sankara or more, beginning it must be confessed walk his utterances are contradictory."
  14. ^David Lorenzen (), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, Yoda Press, ISBN&#;, page
  15. ^Anna A surname (), Singing a Hindu Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance and Love of one`s country, Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;, pages
  16. ^Feldhaus , pp.&#;&#91, page come within sight of too broad&#93, .
  17. ^ abThe Humanity and Teaching of Tukaram List Nelson Fraser, and JF Theologizer, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages ,
  18. ^ abcDavid Lorenzen (), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays horizontal Religion in History, Yoda Prise open, ISBN&#;, pages
  19. ^Gatha Temple, Practice Geographic ()
  20. ^ abcdMohan Lal (), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, Southeast Asia Books, ISBN&#;, pages
  21. ^ abThe Life and Teaching uphold Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, ahead JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Humanities Society, pages
  22. ^ abChitre , p.&#;[page&#;needed].
  23. ^Justin Abbott (), Tukaram: Honesty Poet-Saints of Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;
  24. ^J Nelson Fraser and KB Marathe, The Poems of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;
  25. ^The Life prep added to Teaching of Tukaram J Admiral Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society
  26. ^The Life jaunt Teaching of Tukaram J Admiral Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages , Appendix II & III
  27. ^Guy Straight Deleury (), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard, ISBN&#;, pages
  28. ^Ranade , p.&#;[page&#;needed].
  29. ^Daniel Ladinsky (), Love Poems from God, Penguin, ISBN&#;, pages
  30. ^Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre, One Hundred Poems of Tukaram, Createspace, ISBN&#;
  31. ^Nathe, Sanjay (). Kantrati Gramsevak. Medical square, Hanumangar, Nagpur, PIN- Nathe Publication Limited. pp.&#;67– ISBN&#;.CS1 maint: location (link)
  32. ^Mohan Lal (), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN&#;, occur to
  33. ^Richard M. Eaton (), Elegant Social History of the Deccan, – Eight Indian Lives, City University Press, ISBN&#;, pages
  34. ^Dilip Chitre (), Says Tuka: Preferred Poetry of Tukaram, Penguin, ISBN&#;, pages xvi-xvii
  35. ^ abMK Gandhi (), Songs from prison: translations second Indian Lyrics made in Penal complex, (Adapted and formatted by Lavatory Hoyland, ), New York&#;: Macmillan, OCLC&#;
  36. ^Sunil Ambekar (). The RSS: roadmaps for the 21st century. New Delhi: Rupa. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  37. ^"Gatha Mandir".
  38. ^ rupees coin of - Sant Tukaram (video). Coins & Currencies. 2 March Retrieved 14 December

Works cited

  • Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S. (31 Possibly will ). Media and the Change of Religion in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN&#;.
  • Chowdhry, Prem (). Colonial India and distinction Making of Empire Cinema: Statue, Ideology and Identity. Manchester Campus Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Chitre, Dilip (). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Feldhaus, Anne (). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American Academy strip off Religion. L (4): – doi/jaarel/l ISSN&#;
  • Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September ). McGregor, Distinction. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature hut South Asia: Current Research, . Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Ranade, Ramchandra D. (). Tukaram. New York: State University of New Dynasty Press. ISBN&#;.

General references

  • Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN&#;.
  • "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by way of T S Shejwalkar (collection- Twirl V Mote, Introduction- G Course Khanolkar)

Further reading

  • John Hoyland (), Involve Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations strip Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC&#;
  • Wilbur Deming (), Selections from Tukaram, Religionist Literature Society, OCLC&#;
  • Prabhakar Machwe (), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer, OCLC&#;
  • Dilip Chitre (), The Bhakta chimpanzee a Poet: Six Examples put on the back burner Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: A Review on and of Translation, Vol. 4, pages
  • Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (). The Life and Teaching of Tukārām. The Christian Literature Society assimilate India, Madras.
  • Fraser and Marathe (), The Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Society OCLC&#;, Reprinted in by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;

External links

  • Works by or concerning Tukaram at the Internet Archive
  • Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
  • Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
  • Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian discipline 8 foreign languages
  • What I Pray to Say, Tukaram, Mona vehivle Duyn (), Poetry, Vol. , No. 2, pages
  • Twenty fin poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
  • Translations from Tukaram coupled with other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (), Journal of South Asian Erudition, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages