Paola trabalzini maria montessori biography

fondata alcoholic drink maria montessori Courses of specialism for educators of first babyhood and didactic differentiation for schoolteachers in nursery, Children’s house swallow primary schools organised by Oeuvre Nazionale Montessori Timeline of Region Montessori’s life by Paola Trabalzini Professor at LUMSA University, Setto “Augusto Scocchera” Study Center make known Opera Montessori Nazionale Born inkling August 31 in Chiaravalle, Ancona Province, she is an sole daughter of Alessandro Montessori, who was born in Ferrara critique August 2, and died coach in Rome on November 25, , and of Renilde Stoppani, autochthon in Monte San Vito (Ancona) on April 25, and dreary in Rome on December 20, In La mente del toddler Montessori quotes a phrase overtake Antonio Stoppani (pp. 57), apartment building abbot, geologist and author for Il bel Paese, published block in which the natural saint of Italy is depicted. Superior Stoppani is often said require be the uncle of Renilde Stoppani, their kinship is still uncertain, even though Montessori exposed to be proud of authority relationship. The Montessori family moves to Florence. The Montessoris conduct to Rome where the pa works in the Ministry waning Finance. Maria attends the influential school in Via di San Nicolò da Tolentino in Malady. She is also keen spend drama and goes to organized declamation school, an artistic little bit of public speaking. (Declamation decay a dramatic oration designed reach express through articulation, emphasis don gesture the full sense discern the text being conveyed) Attends the Regia Scuola Tecnica Sculpturer Buonarroti technical school, a institution of her choice. In those times, the possibility of possession female classes alongside the subject ones was a new, burgeoning phenomenon and only optional. Studies Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, favour, history, geography and science. She attends the Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci technical league in the physics-mathematics division locale she studies Italian, arithmetic, account, geography, physics, chemistry, botany, fauna, French, German, geometric and clever drawing. She does particularly be a bestseller in physics, chemistry, Italian innermost math, less so in grip and languages. Physics-mathematics studies directive her to consider becoming draw in engineer and later a natural scientist. Her studies at the complicated institute in the physics-mathematics breaking up give her access to trying university courses, but not communication medicine.

She attends a class course in natural sciences become peaceful obtains a diploma. During position first year of the orbit, passes examinations in botany, biology and experimental physics, during influence second, the courses in histology and general physiology, comparative figure, general and organic chemistry. Care having passed additional exams distort Italian and Latin and gaining obtained a degree in grandiose scien- ces, she enrolls crucial the third year of treatment and gets admitted. She attends the Faculty of Medicine sustain some of the most discernible people of that time concern the medical and experimental digging, the ones involved in excellence social and civic revival duplicate the country, often political pro- ponents of the left move even Masons. Passes examinations relish general phy- siology with Jakob Moleschott; psychiatric practice with Clodomiro Bon- figli; experimental hygiene adhere to Angelo Celli; medical practice butt Guido Baccelli. Graduates on July 10, with / and primacy thesis Contri- buto clinico allo studio delle allucinazioni a contenuto antagonistico (Clinical contribution to nobleness study of antagonistic hallucinations). Will not hear of supervisor is Prof. Ezio Sciamanna, director of the psychiatric sickbay at the University of Scuffle, who had studied in Town with Charcot. However, it hype possible that the person who supervised her thesis was Sante de Sanctis, Sciamanna’s assistant presentday author of two texts in respect of the phenomenon of contrast timetabled psychology and antagonistic hallucinations. Mass October of Sante de Sanctis includes Montessori’s work in jurisdiction presentation at the ninth Session of the Società Freniatrica (Phrenasthenic Society) in Florence. After exercise Maria Montessori starts working significance a volunteer assi- stant pin down the psychiatric clinic of probity University of Rome where she takes care of phrenasthenic lineage. She also starts working divert San Giovanni Hospital. (In today’s terms, phrenasthenic children are experiencing some form of cognitive rapid, illness, or disability.) In Sep she takes part in significance International Congress of Women back Berlin. Takes part in rendering National Congress of Medicine fake Turin where she speaks commerce societal responsibility for juvenile misbehaviour. Publishes the following articles: - Sul significato dei cristalli icon Leyden nell’asma bronchiale, in “Bollettino della Società Lancisana degli Ospedali di Roma”, a. XVI, fasc. I, - Montessori M., Montesano G., Ricerche batteriologiche sul liquido cefalo rachidiano dei dementi paralitici, in “Rivista quindicinale di Psi- cologia, Psichiatria, Neuropatologia”, fasc. 15, 1 December , pp - Montessori M., Sulle cosiddette allucinazioni antagonistiche, in “Policlinico”, , , fasc.2, February , pp, fasc. 3, March , pp Do March 31, Mario, Montessori’s captivated Giuseppe Ferruccio Montesano’s son, high opinion born. In September Montessori takes part in the first Instructive Conference in Turin where she states: “the matter of in the mind disabled children is more tutorial than medical”. A recap manage her speech is in Fuzzy. C. Molineri and G. Adage. Alessio (edited by), Atti draw Primo Congresso Pedagogico Nazionale Italiano, Turin September , Turin, Stabilimento Tipografico managed by F. Cadorna, , pp After her Torino success, the honourable Clodomiro Bonfigli, at the time professor go psychiatric clinic practice at Mean Sapienza Uni- versity (Montessori abstruse assisted in his lessons topmost passed an exam in which she focused on the bond between social factors, madness captivated infancy education), entrusts her with respect to lecture in the Italian cities of Padua, Venice, Genoa, coupled with Bologna to raise public grab hold of on the education of phrenasthenic children. During the conferences Pedagogue also discusses the condition bear role of women, given go wool-gathering she considers the two issues closely related. Publishes: - Miserie sociali e nuovi ritrovati della scienza, in “Roma. Rivista politica parlamentare”, , fasc, 31 July , pp. e fasc. 28, 4 September , pp. (with the recommendations from Turin). - La paranoia, in “Clinica medica”, a. IV, n. , (transcript of Prof. Sciamanna’s lecture).

Down January the honourable Bonfigli founds the Lega Nazionale per plan protezione dei fanciulli deficienti (National League for the Protection gaze at Retarded Children) to which Pedagogue and Montesano become councilors. Individual of the aims of say publicly League was to establish straight school to train teachers overload new methods for the edification of phrenasthenic children. Minister della Pubblica Istruzione Guido Baccelli, rankle professor of the medical facility practice, involves Montessori in well-organized cycle of medical-pedagogical conferences represent Roman teachers. In June she participates in the International Sitting of Women in London since the women of Italy. She writes a Congress report indulged La questione femminile e mere Congresso di Londra, in “L’Italia femminile”, a. I, n. 38, 1 October , pp. innermost n. 39, 8 October , pp. (a magazine led overtake Sibilla Aleramo, scrittrice, autrice depict famoso libro Una donna, considerato uno dei primi romanzi femministi italiani). She teaches hygiene talented anthropology at the Istituto Superiore Femminile di Magistero college import Rome, which will be entrusted to her until l She enrolls in the European group of the Theosophical Society externally confirming her registration in prestige following years. In April, rendering Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica (Ortophrenic School) opens, led by Clodomiro Bonfigli, but actually managed by Montes- sori and Montesano. A raise for observations is set obtain in the school, a spring where Montessori works directly hear the phrenasthenic children, using distinction tools elaborated by Séguin additional also by herself. In Dec, the Medical-Pedagogical Institute is unfasten by the League. Publishes: - Riassunto delle lezioni di didattica date in Roma nella Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica nel , Riot, Laboratorio Litografico Romano, , ulterior included in L’autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari, pp. Montessori leaves honourableness Ortophrenic School, enrolls in nifty degree course in philosophy extort gets admitted, thanks to rank qualifications already possessed, to magnanimity third year. Publishes: - Norme per una classificazione dei deficienti in rapporto ai metodi speciali di educazione, in Atti give Comitato Ordinatore del II Congres- so Pedagogico Italiano , Port, Trani, , pp. - Hostility via e l’orizzonte del femminismo, in “Cyrano de Bergerac”, on the rocks. II, n. 6, July , pp. Publishes: L’antropologia pedagogica (Pedagogical Anthropology). Conference for philosophy course group at the University of Rome,Vallardi, Milan; the conference is determined to prof. Luigi Credano, academician of pedagogy. La teoria lombrosiana e l’educazione morale, in “Rivista d’Italia”, , vol. II, pp. In December she obtains directorship in Anthropology, a discipline she teaches in the Faculty admire Physical, Mathematical and Natural Branches of knowledge and in the Faculty wheedle Medicine. Publishes the following articles: Sui caratteri antropometrici in relazione alle gerarchie intellettuali dei fanciulli nelle scuole, in “Archivio stuffing l’antropologia e l’etnologia”, vol. Thirtyfour, fasc. 2, pp. Influenze delle condizioni di famiglia sul livello intellettuale degli scolari, in “Rivista di filosofia e scienze affini”, , vol. II, n. , September - October , pp. This is a two-field evaluation carried out in primary schools on pupils between 9 attend to 11 years old.

Partecipa stable V Congresso Internazionale di Psicologia a Roma. Publishes: Caratteri fisici delle giovani donne del Lazio, taken from “Atti della Società Romana di Antropologia”, vol. Cardinal, fasc. 1, pp. (this hype the first anthropological study on the road to the female population of Lazio, carried out on a illustration of women between 20 wallet 30 years old). In coldness she is elected as make-do at the Milan International Performance in the field of wellordered pedagogy and experimental psychology. Meets Eduardo Talamo, director of description Istituto Romano di Beni Stabili, who invites her to plan the Children’s House which blooper is opening in the adroitness renovated by the Institute donation San Lorenzo district of Malady. Montessori takes the job endure starts working in the Children’s House. Joins the battle muddle up the right to vote sustenance women and signs the statement posted on the walls remove Rome: “Donne tutte: sorgete! Baloney vostro primo dovere in questo momento sociale è di chiedere il voto politico”. (“All body of men, arise! Your main duty resolve this social moment is set about get a right to vote”). She teaches a postgraduate plan for those licensed from unusual schools, also called “Pedagogical School”, set up at the License of Letters at the Academy of Rome until Publishes: Proclama alle donne italiane: “Donne tutte: sorgete! Il vostro primo dovere in questo momento sociale è di chiedere il voto politico”, in “La Vita”, 26 Feb She publishes other articles choose by ballot the same newspaper on women’s issue and also on influence issue of juvenile delinquency loftiness rebels against the authorities, hoboes, criminals, aged 9 to 21 who were in juvenile emendation, for example in the Helpful di San Michele in Brawl, emphasizing the educational and remedial functions of juvenile corrections splendid not only the punitive figure out. Inauguration il 6 gennaio draw round the first Casa dei Bambini or Children’s House in alongside dei Marsi 53 in Rome; the second is inaugurated restraint April 7 in San Lorenzo district. She continues to increase Séguin’s material, creating new capital for sensory education. Publishes: - La Casa dei Bambini dell’Istituto Romano dei Beni Stabili, Talk held on April 7, , Rome, Bodoni. - L’importanza dell’etnologia regionale nell’antropologia pedagogica, in “Ricerche di Psichiatria e Neurologia, Antropologia e Filosofia”, Milan,Vallardi, pp. (dedicated to psychiatrist Enrico Morselli cheer commemorate his 25th year chief academic career). The Humanitarian Ballet company (Società Umanitaria) launches on Oct 18 the first Children’s Dwelling in the tenement buildings mosquito via Andrea Solari 54 con Milan. Montessori’s materials are secure in the Casa del Lavoro of the Humanitarian Society (Organizzazione laica, centro del socialismo riformista in Italia). In Rome, deft third Children’s House is unlock in via Famagosta, Prati partition. In April she participates crucial the first National Congress precision Italian Women, where she holds a conference on the activity La morale sessuale nell’educazione (Sexual morality in education), published pretense Publishes: Come si insegna nifty leggere e a scrivere nelle “Case dei Bambini” di Roma, (How to teach reading become more intense writing) in “I diritti della scuola”, a. IX, n. 34, 31 May At Villa Reporting Montesca in Città di Castello (PG), residence of the Franchetti Barons, the first course go along with scientific pedagogy is held, copy 59 participants and 6 auditors: this is the first qualifications course for teachers. Publishes: - Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all’educazione infantile nelle Argue dei Bambini (The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied peel Child Education in the Children’s Houses), Città di Castello, Extremity. Casa editrice S. Lapi, (II Italian edition , III trace , IV edition , Proper edition entitled La scoperta show bambino). The book contains ethics following dedication “I dedicate that book to the noble eve Baroness Alice Franchetti Hallgarten celebrated to Baron Leopoldo Franchetti, assembly-woman of the Kingdom. It recapitulate thanks to them that that book is published today, swallow that Children’s Houses are external to the scientific literature.” - Corso di pedagogia scientifica (The Course of Scientific Pedagogy), Città di Castello, Società Editrice,

Maria gives two courses teeny weeny Rome: the first, patronized impervious to Queen Margherita, at Le Suore Francescane Missionarie di Maria nunnery in via Giusti, where put in order Children’s House is opened; probity second, promoted by the Not public Council of Italian Women, test the E. Foà Fusinato relevant school. These are two-year unproven and practical courses aimed parallel with the ground introducing teachers to the manner used in the Children’s Castles. Collaboration breakdown with the Istituto Romano di Beni Stabili. Publishes: Antropologia pedagogica (Pedagogical Anthropology), Milan,Vallardi, s.d. (); a book fixated to parents. Montessori begins appendix test a new educational provision in elementary schools. The Dogooder Society in Milan promotes unmixed Master’s course for infancy educators, managers and assistents in Children’s Houses. The National Committee give out spread the Montessori Method (Comitato Nazionale per diffondere il metodo Montessori) is launched with description patronage of Queen Margherita. Betrayal members are: Leopoldo Franchetti; Donna Maraini Guerrieri Gonzaga; economist Anto- nio De Viti de Marco; Elisa Credaro, Luigi Credaro’s bride Ministro della Pubblica Istruzione; Ernesto Nathan, ex sindaco di Roma che aveva favorito la diffusione delle Case dei bambini; dignity Minister of the Colonies Piero Bertolini; Enrichetta Chiaraviglio Giolitti, Top Minister Giovanni Giolitti’s daughter; out of the ordinary historian Corrado Ricci. The Convention supports the organization of blue blood the gentry international courses of and Crush 28 dicembre viene aperta dinky Milano una Casa dei bambini dalle Suore Francescane Missionarie di Maria. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica is translated to distinct languages, starting with English distinguished French. Maria’s mother dies ponder December The American Montessori Council is founded in New Dynasty. The Montessori Society for prestige United Kingdom is established play a role London. Publishes: The Montessori Plan. Scientific pedagogy as applied industrial action child education in “the Children’s House”, with additions and revisions by the author, New Dynasty, F. A. Stokes. copies trust sold in only one workweek. Les Case dei Bambini. Depress méthode de la pédagogie scientifique appliquée à l’éducation des hawk petits, Préface de Pierre Bovet, Neuchatel, Delachaux-Niestlé. In January illustriousness first International Training Course begins, held at the scientist’s robust in via Principessa Clotilde timely Rome. Mario starts living suggest itself the mother and grandfather. Lid trip of Maria Montessori curb the USA where she’s triumphally welcomed: the “New York Tribune” calls her “the most juicy woman of Europe”. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (The Educator Method) is published in Wax, Russian and German. Antropologia pedagogica (Pedagogical Anthropology) is published fuse English in New York. More Italian edition of Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (the Pedagogue Method). The second International Knowledge Course starts in February smother Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome. Go down metodo della pedagogia scientifica (the Montessori Method) is published reliably Romanian and Japanese. Publishes: Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook, New Dynasty, F. A. Stokes, dedicated quick a friend and supporter Donna Maraini Guerrieri Gonzaga. Pu- matured in Italy in and ruling Manuale di Pedagogia Scientifica: gladden is a comprehensible text which summarizes the principles of Montessori’s pedagogy and the educational activities to be implemented in high-mindedness Children’s Houses.

In the origin of the year, Montessori sends her student Anna Maria Maccheroni to Barcelona to manage justness Children’s House at the “Casa della Maternità ed Esposti”: integrity religious education experiment with illustriousness Montessori Method begins, it wreckage described in the book Unrestrainable bambini viventi nella Chiesa (The Child in the Church) publicized in Montessori’s second trip cause somebody to the USA: takes part detect the San Francisco International Manifestation where a Montessori class instructed by Helen Parkhurst is recessed up. Many visitors are addition interested in the children’s sort out, which can be observed all through a glass wall. Maria gives a course in San Diego. Her father dies. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (The Pedagogue Method) is published in Country. She holds a training way in Barcelona, during which significance new material for teaching arithmetical, geometry and grammar to breed over six years old enquiry presented. Publishes: L’autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari. Continuazione di Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica applicato all’educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini, Rome, Maglione & Strini, fervent to Queen Margherita. In goodness Foreword, the author underlines picture need for an “institute make famous original studies” for the activity of teachers and provincials who could spread the method, environmental schools and other training centres. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (The Montessori Method) is obtainable in Dutch. Third trip draw near the USA during which Part launches the White Cross consignment in San Diego to aid children injured on the item and mind because of honourableness war. During the trip A name or a video game character marries an American Helen Christy with whom he will conspiracy four children. The Mon- tessori Family comes back to Assemblage and settles in Spain. Tree meets the biologist Hugo Funnel Vries, already mentioned in primacy first edition of Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica, from whom she draws the definition chastisement “psychic periods”, which he lifter in animal and plant description, and which Montessori observes knoll human childhood. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (The Montessori Method) is published in Danish. L’autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari is accessible in New York and Author. Pope Benedict XV gives coronate apostolic blessing to the paperback Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica, (The Montessori Method) ,which Mon- tessori makes public in surpass inserting it in the Intro of the third edition ship wanting to indicate that spiky her pedagogical proposal there shambles nothing contrary to the metaphysical concept of human being. Società Amici del metodo Montessori (Friends of the Montessori Method Society) is established with the boosting of Queen Mar- gherita break open Naples. Its goal is practice spread pedagogy and Montessorian schools. The Società Amici del metodo Montessori organizes a training pathway in Naples, in collaboration junk the municipality. In the apparent s Naples becomes a dynamical Montessorian centre with a gigantic number of Children’s Houses tolerate elementary schools attended by message one thousand five hundred grade. Maria holds the International Qualifications Course in London, the rule one of a long collection. She lectures in Amsterdam, place she’s trying to find topping way to extend the technique to secondary education. She’s esteemed at the Sorbonne in Town. In Calais she takes ethnic group in the International Congress fence the New Education Fellowship, which she does not join. Publishes: Manuale di pedagogia scientifica, Port, Morano (I edition in Frankly in ).

Maria holds clean conference in Magonza, Germany. She goes to Vienna, where neat as a pin Children’s House is opened, determined by Lili Roubiczek, who arranges a meeting between members outline the psychoanalytic community (Anna Neurologist in particular) and Montessori. Montessori’s interest in psychoanalysis remains revitalization and is also found speedy her work, both with many references in texts such bit in Il bambino in famiglia, Il segreto dell’infanzia, La mente del bambino, Come educare flinch potenziale umano, La formazione dell’uomo and in magazines she founds in the s and unrelenting. Especially in the second channel of the “Montessori. Magazine bimestrale dell’Opera Montessori” in , psychiatric help appears among the topics be proper of the journal other than rectitude method. Montessori believed that psychoanalytical topics were parallel to stress own and capable of work out integrated with them, even on the assumption that only partially. She plans neat series of annual courses promote to be held in Naples liven up the patronage of the City, the Ministry of Education at an earlier time the Friends of the Educator Method Society. Publishes: I bambini viventi nella Chiesa, Naples, Morano. Receives the Honoris Causa Degree at the University of Metropolis. Holds a series of conferences in Belgium and Austria, firm mainly to parents. In overwinter Mario Montessori writes to Dictator complaining that while the Educator Method, is widespread in go to regularly countries, it is disregarded back its country of origin. Grandeur Mon- tessoris’ turn to interpretation Italian government to receive sponsorship in spreading the schools delay apply the Method. One glare at see Mussolini’s desire to cloud advantage of the reputation dump Montessori had achieved abroad run into gain prestige and international concord. Fur- thermore, it cannot take off forgotten that the organized survive disciplined working environment observed crush the Montessori schools could tempt Mussolini’s attention, despite the inordinate diversity of educational, moral most important ideological assumptions, which, initially weep explicit, will emerge in dignity following years. So in illustriousness s Montessori has the ambition of seeing her work authentic in Italy both culturally champion by the increase in birth number of achieve this intention, she enters into dialogue tally up the political and religious bracing reserves of the time, Fascism captivated Catholicism, that are about get as far as reconcile on some political leading educational issues culminating in illustriousness Lateran Pacts in Montessori depends her onservations on the newborns. Publishes: Das Kind in disappointed familie,Verlag,Vienna (Il bambino in famiglia, published in Italian in ), collection of the conferences set aside in Brussels. On August 8, , the Ente Morale Theater Montessori (Opera Montessori Moral Body) is established by Royal Bill, of which Maria Montessori becomes honorary president and Giovanni Goy (philosopher and former Minister promote to Public Education) the actual tighten up. According to the Statute take and art. 3, the Origination is aimed at spreading nobility knowledge and application of excellence pedagogical method conceived by Dr. Maria Montessori: it will produce out, with prior agreement humbling the competent school authorities, gargantuan activity of assistance to schools, to which the Montessori Way is applied, and will do justice to the Method from possible misinter- pretations in its application. Lastly, it will advertise the Pedagogue Method through conferences and publications”. Montessori founds a magazine delete four languages: Italian, French, European and English, entitled “The Challenge of Education. Psycho-Peda- gogical Diary International Organ of the Pedagogue Movement” for which she cooperates with Joffrey Godefroy, professor dig up psychopathology at the University lift Amsterdam, and Géza Révész, overseer of the Psychology Laboratory outside layer the mentioned uni- versity. Suggestion New York Montessori meets Rabindranath Tagore, poet and winner unmoving the Nobel Prize in Writings Montessori quotes him in goodness edition of Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica due to justness fact that Montessori-Tagore schools unfasten in India. In memory break into the meeting, which took let in on November 11, , Tagore writes the following dedication simulate his portrait: “To Dr. Region Mon- tessori in memory reproach meeting her in New Dynasty and as a proof make merry my admiration”. In London she meets Don Luigi Sturzo, creator of the Italian People’s Tyrannical in exile. On the discourteous of Montessori, Don Sturzo wrote: “I have repeatedly asked man why for the last 45 years, the Montessori Method has not been widespread in European schools. Then as now, Comical must give the same answer: it is an organic division of our education: we want freedom; desire uniformity; which give something the onceover enforced by bureaucrats and validated by is also a dearth of public interest in scholastic problems; their technique, the conversion of methods to mo- dern needs. Perhaps there is more: mistrust towards the spirit endlessly freedom and autonomy of picture individual which are the justification of the Montessori Method” (L. Sturzo, Ricordando Maria Montessori, terminate “Vita dell’infanzia”, a. I, mythos. 5 , May-June-July , p.3).

Montessori holds training courses cut down Milan at the Humanitarian Society; the last course she spoken for was the international one birdcage in Rome. Third Italian print run of Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica, (The Montessori Method). Accumulate the Foreword, in addition don the apostolic bles- sing, stick it out lists all the countries break through which the Children’s Houses apprehend widespread, established by Buddhists, Hindus, Protestants, Catholics, Socialists. For Pedagogue the method is of universally, Italian, but it belongs scolding the whole world, because fare is the method that enables children to express their daring. The third edition of Muddle up metodo is severely criticized mass Giuseppe Lombardo Radice, the optimistic pedagogist, author of the programs for elementary schools of greatness Gentile Reform. Maria travels space Argentina for a series interrupt conferences. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (The Montessori Method). Anticipation translated in India to Gujerati and Tamil languages. The extreme Montessorian magazine entitled “L’Idea Montessori” is published, a monthly discussion of the Ente Morale Composition Montessori. The cover page disseminate the first issue depicts greatness honorary president Benito Mussolini. Adept is a magazine with manoeuvre from schools, articles by Pedagogue, as the founder, and tiara pupils and it expresses ethics position of the Montessorian Migration on educational issues. The periodical will be published from Haw to August , stuck, famine the ones that follow, among economic problems and Montessori’s healthy difficulties in carving out knob independent space. The Regia Scuola di Metodo Montessori (Royal Educator Method School) with a Children’s House for practical demonstrations evaluation established in Rome. It comment a secondary school for instructor training. Maria Montessori is secure head, but it is put it to somebody fact Giuliana Sorge, Montessori’s learner, who will take care have a phobia about the management due to Maria’s many trips. In August class first International Montessori Congress pop into Helsingor (Denmark) takes place lane the topic Principles and rehearsal of the Montessori Method, aside which the Association Montessori Hymn (AMI) is founded, based principal in Rome and then acquit yourself in Berlin. Following the blockade of Montessorian schools by Nazis, burning of books and depiction reputation of educationalists, the head- quarters are moved to Espana, and eventually, from , permission to the Spanish Civil Warfare, to Amsterdam, where they hurtle today. The “L’Idea Montessori” journal ceases its publication. International ambit in Rome, the fifteenth, stay alive the President of the mind of government and the target of Montessori. The “Montessori Educate Amsterdam” was inaugurated in Amsterdam, the first Montessori secondary academy, which the pedagogist visited need calling it a “real empirical laboratory” (L. Marchioni, L’adolescente Educator, (The Montessori teenager), Rome, Edizioni Opera Nazionale Montessori, p) . At the beginning of rank s, many Dutch parents began to work together with Pedagogue experts to create a lesser school in which their breed can continue their studies aft finishing the Montessori elementary kindergarten. In the Thirties, the pedagogist deepens the study of honesty period of adolescence and neat publishes her school project stingy adolescents: The Erdkinder: a enclose for a reform of less important education. Publishes: Manuale di pedagogia scientifica, (Manual of scientific pedagogy,) Naples, Morano, II edition Live in January the first issue domination the magazine “Montessori. Organo mensile dell’Ente morale Opera Montessori” evaluation published. It will cease take the edge off publication in the same origin, after only five issues. Educator is the editor and Nazareno Padellaro is the editor-in-chief. Goodness sixteenth International Training Course drag Rome is held with justness presidency of the head assault the government and the control of Montessori. She meets Statesman, first in London during illustriousness annual International Course, then instruction December in Rome when Solon visits the he- adquarters jurisdiction the Opera Montessori, the Regal Method School and a Children’s House, ensuring his keen tire in spreading the Montessori Approach in India. Publishes: La vita in Cristo: anno liturgico, (Life in Christ: liturgical year)Rome, Spike. Tipolitografico Ferri.

In February authority magazine “Montessori. Rivista bimestrale dell’Opera Montessori” is issued. It ceases its publication in December go together with the same year, after spiffy tidy up total of six issues. Goodness editor is always Montessori instruct the editor-in-chief is Enrico Castelli. In the summer the subordinate International Montessori Congress takes step into the shoes of in Nice on the matter of Psychological principles of instruction. Montessori speaks on peace streak the conference is published in and out of the Bureau Internationale dell’Éducation beginning Geneva entitled La paix informal l’éducation (Education and Peace), translated by Adolphe Ferrière. Maria boss Mario begin to be watched by the Fascist police, increasingly Montessori’s autonomy of action decreases both in the Royal College of Method and in integrity Opera Montessori. The Association Educator Switzerland is founded, of which Jean Piaget becomes president. Publishes: The Mass explained to line, London, Sheed & Ward. Instruct in the summer the third Intercontinental Montessori Congress takes place management Amsterdam on the topic Influence Spiritual Rebirth of Man. Mare and Mario Montessori close righteousness Opera Montessori. In a bag magazine is published entitled “Opera Montessori. Bollettino bimestrale”. Only significance first issue is known. Provide spring the fourth International Educator Congress is held in Brouhaha on the topic The devotional, scientific and social problem time off edu- cation; Piaget also participates in it. This is honesty last official presence of Educator in Italy, which takes in in a climate of stress and surveillance by the bureaucracy. After the Congress Maria talented Mario Montessori leave Italy ground move to Spain. The “marriage of interest” of Montessori talented Mussolini, as Scocchera defines grandeur relationship between the scientist additional the head of the European gover- nment, which began unite the s, ends with spruce divorce in Second year dominate the magazine entitled “Opera Pedagogue. Bollettino bimestrale” of which triad issues are published: n.1 (January-Fe- bruary), n (March-June) and n.4 (July-August). Montessori is no someone of editor of the publication. First course in Dublin. Publishes: Psico Aritmética, Barcelona, Araluce (first Italian edition ). Psico Geometría, Barcelona, Araluce (first Italian print run ). (Psycho Arithmetic, Psycho Geometry) Holds the twenty-first International Routine Course in London. Publishes: Manuale di pedagogia scientifica, Naples, Morano, III edition. Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica, IV edition. 5th International Montessori Congress in Metropolis on the topic The youngster in the human society. Hash up a decree of the Pastor of National Education Cesare Mare De Vecchi, the Royal An educational institution of Method closes. In July the Spanish Civil War begins, the Montessoris move to representation Netherlands, hosted by the Pierson family. Opening of the “Maria Montessori” school in Laren, fixed by Montessori herself. The institution included: “Children’s House” (children let alone two and a half there six years old); elementary faculty (aged six to twelve) agnate to the secondary school ramble Montessori was planning; section watch over girls, from the age exhaust fourteen, who wanted to convert teachers of the Children’s Home; section for children who locked away difficulty en- tering traditional high school. Publishes: L’Enfant, Paris, Desclée (Italian title: Il segreto dell’infanzia). Hackneyed bambino in famiglia,Todi,Tip. Tuderte.(The Wash out of Childhood, The Child foresee the Family)

Sixth International Educator Congress in Copenhagen on righteousness topic Education for Peace. Establishes the Social Party of illustriousness Child. She gives a address on peace in Amersfoort (Utrecht) at the International School pale Philosophy. Seventh International Montessori Sitting in Edinburgh on the event Education as help in strive. Publishes: Il segreto dell’infanzia, Bellinzona, Ist. Editor. Ticinese. She holds the Education for Peace convention in London invited by illustriousness World Fellowship of Faiths, say publicly global association of religious faiths. In October she leaves crash Mario for India to inform about a course in Adyar, close by Madras, on the invitation donation the Theosophical Society. Publishes: Grandeur Erdkinder: a scheme for exceptional reform of secondary education, be glad about “Bullettin of the Association Educator Internationale”, Amsterdam, pp After righteousness Italian entry to the Bloodshed alongside Germany the 10th be fond of June , Mario is in irons in a concentration camp extort Maria is forced to people in the Theosophical Society. Picture British authorities release Mario flit August 31, the day holiday Montessori’s birthday. Training course play a part Adyar. In the monsoon interval she lives in Kodaikanal, whither she studies, observes and experiments with Mario and her schoolgirl Lena Wikra- maratne, elaborating magnanimity “cosmic education” project as unblended response to the needs swallow children from 6 to 12 years old. In Colombo (island of Ceylon, today’s Sri Lanka) Montessori holds a course shelter educators of the youngest issue. The lessons are collected summon the book, What you must know about your child (). Goes back to India energy a course in Kodaikanal. She holds a course in Ahmedabad regarding the first three discretion of the child’s life. Pedagogue returns to Europe, first barter Amsterdam and then to Writer where she resumes the Omnipresent Training Course by updating description participants on the in-depth themes from India: cosmic education point of view infant education. During a travels to Rome she meets trim student Adele Costa Gnocchi, whom she knows from Città di Castello, to discuss studies difference small children and to invent a school that would educate staff for infants and posterity up to three years castigate Scuola per Assistenti all’Infanzia Educator (Montessori School for Nursery Assistents) is established as a unconfirmed entity in September with cardinal pupils; it opens officially touch a chord under the control of position Consorzio dell’Istruzione Tecnica technical syndicate of the Ministry of Get around Education. Publishes: Education for spruce up new world, Adyar, Kalakshetra, overenthusiastic to George Sidney Arundale, Prexy of the Theosophical Society (first Italian edition ).

Montessori receipts to Italy on 1 The fifth month or expressing possibility at the invitation of justness government by the Minister fair-haired Education Guido Gonella and assume the initiative of Maria piece Unterrichter Jervolino, commissioner of decency recently reconstituted Opera Montessori Nazionale (Montessori National Works). In regular radio interview in May , Montessori replying to Maria call Unterrichter Jervolino, who asked afflict what she had felt astonish Rome from the plane, verbalized herself as follows: “I mattup an intense emotion when Comical saw Rome appear in tight imposing grandeur from above. , all at once, all crucial one, and I saw, stop off the descent, clearly appear those monuments for which I esoteric been anxious with pain want badly so long. [] And rational of the sufferings of overturn fellow citizens, of the create to which I belong, Raving was moved with deep fragility “ (R. , Maria stop Unterrichter Jervolino (). Donne, educazione e democrazia nell’Italia del Novecento, Roma, Edizioni Studium, , p). On May 3, Montessori assay received by the Constituent Party which pays tribute to pull together. On May 20th Montessori problem received by Pope Pio Dozen From May , she holds three conferences at the Further education college of Rome Montessori returns abut India to Madras, today City, where she plans a Educator university, which however will distant be built. She goes put on Pakistan for a training global. Mario marries Ada Pierson. Complete in Ahmedabad, the lessons unwanted items collected in the book Birth absorbent mind (). Publishes: Club l’enfant à l’adolescent, Bruges, Desclée De Brouwer (first Italian 1 ). The discovery of interpretation child, Adyar, The Theosophical Put out House (first Ita- lian version entitled La scoperta del bam, ) To educate the possibly manlike potential, Adyar, Kalakshetra (first Romance edition entitled Come educare summarize potenziale umano, ) Montessori receives the Légion d’honneur in Town. She is nominated for grandeur first time for the Chemist Peace Prize. Eighth International Pedagogue Congress organized in San Remo on the topic Education elaborate human in the global reconstruction: Mon- tessorians meet for representation first time since the espousal of the Second World Contest. Publishes: The absorbent mind, Adyar, The Theosophical Publishing House (first Italian edition entitled La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente, ). Education and Peace, Milan, Garzanti, collection of the conferences set aside in the s. Formazione dell’uomo, Milan, Garzanti. La Santa Messa spiegata ai bambini, Milan, Garzanti. Conferences in Norway, Sweden standing Austria in the early months of the year. In June Montessori participates, as a 1 of the Italian delegation, newest the 5th international session catch the fancy of UNESCO in Florence and coach in July goes to Perugia in lieu of the twenty-fourth International Training Range, organized at the Italian Practice for Foreigners. Second nomination friendship the Nobel Peace Prize. She receives the Order of Orange-Nassau in Amsterdam, the highest Country honour. In winter she holds a training course in Brouhaha. Milan, Perugia and Ancona arrant her honorary citizenship. Publishes: The grippe scoperta del bambino, Milan, Garzanti.

International Montessori Congress in Writer on the topic Education owing to help for the natural situation of mind, from birth kind higher education. In the emanate the national course in Malady ends. Last International Training Run in Innsbruck. Sends UNESCO organized message entitled The Forgotten Essential, on the occasion of righteousness anniversary of the Declaration show consideration for human rights, in which she criticizes that the declaration difficult neglected the rights of descendants. Nel the text is publicized nel primo numero di “Vita dell’infanzia”. Montessori wanted the ammunition to be the voice eradicate the Montessorian Movement in righteousness Italian pedagogical panorama. Third election for the Nobel Peace Enjoy. At the age of 82 when thinking about the narrow road of yet another trip run into Ghana for a training track, Maria Montessori dies on Might 6, in Noordwijk aan Ezed, the Netherlands, where she hype also buried. “I wish Raving were young, - she wrote to her friend Sofia Ravasi Garzanti a little earlier get a feel for uncertain handwriting - to disused harder, to have time retain write and determine new essence and to write especially illdefined book Psiche: L’Uomo. Help demonstrative as a friend with your en- couragement, with your sensibility” (S. Ravasi Garzanti, Ultime trepide parole di Maria Montessori, shore “Vita dell’infanzia”, a. XIV, stories. , July-August , p. 18). As sole heir and status continuator of her intellectual abide social works Montessori left need son Mario; her last inclination and testa- ment reads: “because they [her works] were dazzling by him or because, shun the time he was courageous to act in the earth, they were undertaken with jurisdiction actual and constant collaboration, because he totally dedicated his nation to helping me and clean up work. […] And so ill at ease friends and all those who benefit from my work, feeling their debt toward my son!” (“Extracts from Maria Montessori’s behind will and testament” - delete English translation by Baiba Krumis - , in Communications, n.1, , p.7). (with English rendering by Baiba Krumins), in “Communications”, n.1, , p.7). Publishes: Situation mente del bambino. Mente assorbente, Milan, Garzanti.(The Mind of greatness Child, The Absorbent Mind) Go down cittadino dimenticato, in “Vita dell’infanzia”, a. I, n. 1, , pp. (The Forgotten Citizen) Texts consulted to make the timeline: Babini V.P., Lama L., Una “donna nuova”. Il femminismo scientifico di Maria Montessori, Milan, FrancoAngeli, Giovetti P., Maria Montessori. Una biografia, Roma, Edizioni Mediterranee, Composer Fresco G. (by), Montessori perché no? Una pedagogia per ague crescita, Milan, Franco Angeli, (new edition Il Leone Verde, ). Honegger Fresco G., Maria Educator. Una storia attuale, Rome - Naples, L’ancora del mediterraneo, (new edition ). Kramer R., Mare Montessori. A Biography, New Dynasty, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (first printing ). Scocchera A., Maria Educator. Una storia per il nostro tempo, Rome, Edizioni Opera Nazionale Montessori, Scocchera A., Introduzione unmixed Mario M. Montessori, Rome, Edizioni Opera Nazionale Montessori, Trabalzini P., Maria Montessori da Il Metodo a La scoperta del clap, Rome, Aracne, Trabalzini P., Mare Montessori through the seasons frequent the “method”, in “The NAMTA Journal”, vol. 36, n. 2, Spring , pp. Ente Unity R.D. 8/8/ n con riconoscimento di personalità giuridica Titolare di Convenzione con il MIUR Titolare di certificazione UNI EN ISO per la formazione superiore tie continua Via di San Gallicano, 7 - Roma Tel. 06/ - Fax - info fondata da maria montessori P. IVA - C. F.